REVIEW: Biomarkers of the End-Stage Renal Disease Progression: Beyond the GFR

---

Elmira I. Yakupova^1,a, Polina A. Abramicheva¹, Alexey D. Bocharnikov², Nadezda V. Andrianova¹, and Egor Y. Plotnikov^1,3,b*

¹Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia

²International School of Medicine of the Future, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia

³Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received April 22, 2023; Revised July 20, 2023; Accepted August 20, 2023

---

Chronic kidney disease can progress to the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) characterized by a high risk of morbidity and mortality. ESRD requires immediate therapy or even dialysis or kidney transplantation, therefore, its timely diagnostics is critical for many patients. ESRD is associated with pathological changes, such as inflammation, fibrosis, endocrine disorders, and epigenetic changes in various cells, which could serve as ESRD markers. The review summarizes information on conventional and new ESRD biomarkers that can be assessed in kidney tissue, blood, and urine. Some biomarkers are specific to a particular pathology, while others are more universal. Here, we suggest several universal inflammatory, fibrotic, hormonal, and epigenetic markers indicative of severe deterioration of renal function and ESRD progression for improvement of ESRD diagnostics.

---

KEY WORDS: kidney fibrosis, fibrosis markers, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure, end-stage renal disease

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297923100164

---