Article

ISSN 0006-2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2025, Vol. 90, Suppl. 2, pp. S476-S535 © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2025.

S476

REVIEW

The Discovery of Magnetic Resonance

in the Context of 20th Century Science:

Biographies and Bibliography.

IV: Selected Bibliography of Theoretical and

Experimental Research on Magnetic Resonance

and Its History

Alexander V. Kessenikh

and Vasily V. Ptushenko

2,a

Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences,

125315 Moscow, Russia

Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University,

119992 Moscow, Russia

e-mail: ptush@belozersky.msu.ru

Received December 24, 2025

Revised December 24, 2025

Accepted December 30, 2025

Abstract— In this chapter, we provide a bibliography of research in the field of ESR, NMR and related phe-

nomena, such as magneto-mechanical resonance, a technique used both to detect magnetic resonance and

to confirm magnetic flux quantization; along with exotic atom-related resonances, muon spin resonance and

the fine structure and Zeeman effect of positronium. For the reference list provided in this book, out of

dozens of thousands of studies we selected several hundred works which we believe represent major lines

of research and development in the field of magnetic resonance. The list of literature is structured into

several sections: I. Historiography (including reminiscences); II. Monographs, Overviews, and Subject Collec-

tions; III. Internet (reference material); IV. Original Research Papers. The latter is further broken down into

several subsections covering the development of magnetic resonance foundational ideas (subsection IV.1.),

studies on paramagnetic and ferromagnetic absorption and dispersion (IV.2.), works on molecular-beam and

atomic-beam magnetic resonance (IV.3.), and original research papers on different magnetic resonances in

condensed matter and on their applications (IV.4.). The reference list is provided with brief commentary.

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297925604460

Keywords: historiography, ESR and NMR foundational ideas, magnetic relaxation, molecular and atomic beams,

condensed matter, applications

# Deceased.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Particles with spin S  >  0 have magnetic dipoles, with spin S  ≥  1 – electric quadrupole, with spin S  ≥  2 – magnetic

octupole, etc. Octupole and other higher-order moments interaction, though, contribute very little to spin-lattice in-

teractions and to the magnetic resonance frequency [II. 1960. Kopferman,  H., Chapter  1, pp. 15-20].

INTRODUCTION

Magnetic (paramagnetic) spin resonance is the

absorption and radiation of energy due to magnetic

field-induced changes in spin orientation. Spin sub-

level energies are quantized as a result of the inter-

action of electron and nuclear spin magnetic dipoles

and (or) electric quadrupoles

with an external mag-

netic field and (or) an internal electric field, respec-

tively. There are other spin interactions dependent

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S477

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

on properties of substances that have their influence

on magnetic resonance spectra too. Macroscopic mag-

netic resonance phenomena are associated with the

net magnetic moment precession around the effec-

tive polarizing field and, as well, with the effects on

this precession that are produced by an alternating

magnetic field, local interactions, and thermal relax-

ation of spin magnetic moments. Multifaceted nature

of this phenomenon providing for a wide range of

experimental methods integral to the advancement

of natural sciences (chemistry, biology, geology even),

medicine and technology compels an exploratory in-

terest in the milestones and hallmarks of its history.

As do theoretical aspects of magnetic resonance in-

extricably linked to the entire system of methods in

theoretical physics and chemistry. A survey of rele-

vant research papers and overview materials allows

to trace major turning points in the history of mag-

netic resonance as viewed from many different per-

spectives.

Historiographical at its core, this monograph

called for at least some reasonable criteria to struc-

ture the bibliography in line with within broader

groupings such as by nature, by subject, by scientific

school, etc. The selected list of literature compiled for

this book have thus been broken down by category

and structured into several sections: I.  Historiography

(including reminiscences), II.

  Monographs, Overviews

and Subject Collections, III.  Internet (reference ma-

terial), and IV.

  Original Research Papers. The latter

was further broken down into several subsections.

The first (IV.1.) is a relatively short list of papers on

the development of magnetic resonance foundational

ideas that began with J. Larmor and his works [IV.1.

1896. Larmor,

  J.]; the second (IV.2.) – a list of studies

on paramagnetic and ferromagnetic absorption and

dispersion, from works by V.  K.  Arkadiev [IV.2. 1913.

Arkadiev,  V.   K.] and by R.  Gans and R.  Loyarte [IV.2.

1921, Gans,

  R.] onwards, the third (IV.3.) – a list of

works on molecular-beam and atomic-beam magnet-

ic resonance beginning with I.  Rabi and his research

[IV.3. 1938. Rabi, I.  I.]. The final subsection (IV.4.) in-

cludes a list of original research papers on different

magnetic resonances in condensed matter and on

their applications, the longest of the four. The list

starts with the pioneering works by E.

  K.  Zavoisky

[IV.4. 1945. Zavoisky,

  E.  K. 2.], F.  Bloch [IV.4. 1946.

Bloch,  F. 1.], and E.  M.  Purcell [IV.4. Purcell, E.  M. 2.].

The section is provided with the alphabetical index

of authors. The author index includes references to

overviews and monographs (of section II) by the

authors of the original research as well. References

that do not fit into the structure but are instrumental

in comprehending the history and, to some extent,

methodology of magnetic resonance are for the most

part listed in section IV.4. and only occasionally in

sections I, II or III. Within each section, the list of

literature is arranged by year of publication, refer-

ence lists for each year are arranged alphabetically

by author names (or by titles in case of collections

of works).

In the preliminary discussion, citations start with

the section number (from I to IV.4.) followed by year

of publication and by author. If several papers by

the same author are listed, the citation ends with the

publication’s sequential number in the author’s list

of papers for the year. If there are many co-authors,

the first in the list is cited. In case of a collection

of works, its title is used instead, often abbreviated.

Web sites are cited by key words and by general

web address (Nobel Archive, http://almaz.com.nobel/;

ISMAR, http://www.ismar.org; Physical Review etc.,

https://journals.aps.org/about/prola; Journal of Mag-

netic Resonance, https://www.sciencedirect.com/

journal/journal-of-magnetic-resonance/issues; JETP

Letters, http://www.jetpletters.ru/ps/archive.shtml etc.).

Unfortunately, many of the web-pages cited in [I.2006.

Kessenikh, A.

  V.] are no longer available, while others

have been changed. Stan’s Library compiled and edit-

ed by Stanislav Sýkora [III. 2007. Sykora,

  S.], an open

access resource published on the Internet, made a

great contribution to the list of publications includ-

ed in this book. If an original work is cited in one

of the chapters of the book, it is most likely to be

accordingly annotated This book was originally writ-

ten with Russian speaking readers in mind. For the

English translation, the list of publications was there-

fore slightly revised. Namely, Russian translations of

the works originally written in other languages have

been taken out of the list for their obvious redundan-

cy. Works that were translated into and published in

Russian are instead marked with

(trR)

The reader might find it frustrating that refer-

ences are annotated with no apparent uniform style.

Unfortunately, the amount and the diversity of refer-

ences and annotations comprising Chapter  4 hardly

allow for any uniform style to be applied or need

any, in the authors’ opinion.

As was said earlier, papers that are pertinent

to magnetic resonance studies contextually only are

incorporated in the reference list as well. Such is

Van Vleck’s monograph on electric and magnetic sus-

ceptibilities [II. 1932. Van

Vleck

(+)

], R.

Noyes’ work

[IV.1. 1956. Noyes,  R. 

(+)

] integral to comprehending

the diffusion mechanism of spin-state selection in

chemical reactions in liquids, papers by Van

  Vleck

and Weisskopf [IV.4. 1945. Van  Vleck, J.  H. 

(+)

] and by

Fröhlich [IV.4. 1946. Fröhlich. H.

(+)

] on general mech-

anisms of spectral line broadening, among others.

Early papers by E.

  K.  Zavoisky [IV.2. 1932. Zavoisky,

E.  K.; IV.2. 1936. Zavoisky, E.  K. 1.; IV.2. 1936. Zavoisky,

  K. 2.; IV.4. 1945. Zavoisky, E.  K. 1. 

(b)

] relevant from

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS478

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

historical and biographical perspective are another

example of such publications. Related problems

(*)

include magneto-mechanical resonance, a technique

used both to detect magnetic resonance and to con-

firm magnetic flux quantization; along with exotic

atom-related resonances, muon spin resonance and

the fine structure and Zeeman effect of positronium.

None of the contextual references are arranged

independently, instead they are marked with special

symbols. The symbols are:

(+)

– for additional literature,

(b)

– for biographical material,

(hist)

– for historical material,

(histR)

– for material important in the context of

magnetic resonance development solely

in Russia,

(*)

– for related problems.

In the in-text annotations the information is given in

accordance with other, more comprehensive, sourc-

es on the history of magnetic resonance, if such are

available. References independently selected both by

Sýkora and by the authors are annotated with his

comments anyway. Annotations are provided when

the title alone does not reveal some curious, histo-

riographically important, details.

In both physics and chemistry, some substanc-

es give a conditioned response just like a Pavlov’s

dog. With regard to proton magnetic resonance, such

matter first and foremost includes water and etha-

nol. In the context of EPR and NMR, it’s ruby (Cr

in Al

). In NMR in solids, it’s fluorite (CaF

), and

in EPR – α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free

radical. In some instances, the substance is included

in the title of the paper or at least in the abstract, in

others – it is named in the in-text annotation. In this

way the reference list provided in Chapter  4 may

prove helpful in compiling a subject index, at some

point in the future. As for the comprehensive list of

Names in Magnetic Resonance Research, which we

believe could be of historiographical interest, it has

in part been comprised in the form of the Author

Index of Part IV. Original Research Papers.

For the reference list provided in this book, out

of dozens of thousands of studies we selected sever-

al hundred works which we believe represent ma-

jor lines of research and development in the field of

magnetic resonance. We hope our list to become a

valuable contribution to any future collective effort

to study the body of research on magnetic resonance

and its history.

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION

OF THE SELECTED LIST OF LITERATURE

Historiography of magnetic resonance. Not

that many serious historiographical studies on mag-

netic resonance and its applications have been pub-

lished so far. Most of them were timed to coincide

with big anniversaries in 1994, 1996

, 2004, 2006

and so on, including the book by B.

  I.  Kochelaev

and Y.

  V.  Yablokov [I. 1995. Kochelaev, B.  I.] and the

large article by E.  Becker et  al. [I. and II. 1996. Beck-

er,

  E.  D.] in Volume I of Encyclopedia of Nuclear Mag-

netic Resonance [I. 1996. ENMR]. In his monumen-

tal monograph, whether he liked it or not, [I. 1966.

Jammer,  M.] M.  Jammer had to cover the development

of magnetic resonance theoretical foundations, now

an integral part of quantum mechanics and quantum

statistics.

Anniversaries prompt upsurge in reminiscences

published, including about personalities and break-

throughs that shaped the history of magnetic reso-

nance. The Historiography section thus comprises all

the works that were available and known of as of

the time this monograph was finished. From them,

stand out reminiscences about E.  K.  Zavoisky [I. 1993.

Magician of Experiment; I. 1996. Zavoisky, V.  K.;

I. 1996. Supplemental Biographical Materials; I. 2007.

Zavoiskaya,  N.  E. A History of One Discovery. IDT

Publishers], S.

  A.  Altshuler [I. 2001. S.  A.  Altshuler;

I. 2004. S.  A. Altshuler], and B.  M.  Kozyrev [I. 2004.

B.  M.  Kozyrev]. A great contribution to the historiogra-

phy of magnetic resonance was made by A.  Abragam

in his magnificent memoirs [I. 1991. Abragam,  A.].

A remarkable collection of reminiscences that com-

prises Volume I of Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnet-

ic Resonance

[I. 1996. Goldman,  M.; Lauterbur,  P.  C.;

Proctor, W.  G.; Waugh, J.  S.] is another valuable his-

toriographical resource. The Encyclopedia was in-

spired by E.  Becker, a British physicist, who was al-

ready mentioned earlier. Both he and his team gave

1994 – 50th anniversary of EPR discovery; 1996 – 50th anniversary of NMR discovery, 1997 – the centenary of Larmor’s

theorem, etc.

In 1996, to mark 50 years of NMR discovery, Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (an eight-volume set edit-

ed by E. Becker) was published in Great Britain. Historical overviews and reminiscences comprise Volume I named

Historical Perspectives [I. 1996. ENMR. Vol.1]. The book turned out to be very expensive ($3500 for an eight-volume

set). Still, one complete set found its way to Russia and is now the property of the Institute of Organic Chemistry,

Russian Academy of Sciences, with the assistance of one of the Encyclopedia’s contributors – N.  M.  Sergeyev, profes-

sor, Chemical Department, Moscow State University, and president of the Russian Association of NMR Spectroscopists.

Along with review articles on NMR, Volume I contains NMR investigators’ biographical information and chronicles

major turning points in the history of NMR development.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S479

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

credit to Soviet scientists for their contribution to

the discovery and development of NMR, its theoret-

ical foundations and numerous applications. Soviet

NMR investigators, though, missed their opportunity

to properly contribute to the Encyclopedia. Their be-

lated articles – on the role the Soviet science played

in the development of NMR or, to be precise, on the

history of how it integrated into the world’s NMR

community – were eventually published in [I. 2001.

Kessenikh,A.  V. 2; 2008. Kessenikh,  A.  V.; 2009. Kesse-

nikh, A.  V. 1, 2]. The only Russian contributors to the

Encyclopedia were B.  I.  Kochelaev with his articles on

how E.  K.  Zavoisky discovered EPR in 1944 (and how,

back in 1941, he had to stop his NMR experiments

on the verge of observing the phenomenon) and

N.  M.  Sergeyev, a prominent Russian NMR researcher,

who submitted an article on the history of NMR and

isotope effects studies [I. 1996. (ENMR). Sergeev,  N.  M.].

Plentitude of reminiscences, essays and overview ar-

ticles (see for example [I. 1996. Fedin,  E.  I.; I. 1997.

Khachaturov,  A.  S.; Borodin,  P.  M.; I. 1998. Scherbakov,

V.  A.; I. 2008. Fedin,  E.  I.]) published in the Russian

NMR Newsletter

further broadened historiograph-

ical perspective on magnetic resonance research in

the USSR. Proceedings of anniversary conferences on

magnetic resonance are in part included in the His-

toriography section as well. Such is the Conference

held in Kazan in 1969 [I. 1971. Paramagnetic Reso-

nance] to mark the 25

anniversary of the discovery

of EPR in condensed matter. It was at the Confer-

ence in Kazan that Altshuler and Kozyrev [I. 1971.

Altshuler, S.  A.] first unveiled the dramatic circum-

stances that thwarted Zavoisky’s efforts to observe

NMR, C.  Gorter shared the story of his bad luck with

the search for NMR and EPR [I. 1971. Gorter,  C.], and

A.  Kastler, a Nobel Prize winner, delivered his bril-

liant introductory speech [I. 1971. Kastler,  A.] paying

tribute to the pioneer of EPR research, his predeces-

sors and his successors. Another example of such an

event is the 10

Anniversary Conference held by the

Groupement AMPERE [I. 1961. 10e Colloque Ampère:

Leipzig, 13-17 Septembre, 1961], a European asso-

ciation of scientists active in the field of magnetic

resonance and related phenomena. Please, note, that

many of the conference proceedings, akin to many

of the articles in the Encyclopedia of NMR, contain

both historiographical information and, to a great-

er extent, overview material (and hence are catego-

rized as (or duplicated in) II. Monographs, Overviews

and Subject Collections), along with original papers

(some of them are included in the Original Research

section).

Overviews and monographs. A concise histori-

cal overview of the evolution of magnetic resonance

basic concepts is presented in [I. 2009. Kessenikh,

A.  V. 2] which came out in the period in-between the

publication of the first edition of Magnetic Resonance

Historiography and Bibliography [I. 2005. Kessenikh,

A.  V.] and the time work on the present book was

started. The overview covers major methodological

aspects of magnetic resonance theory and experimen-

tal research. One of its sections begins with a refer-

ence to H.  Kopfermann’s fundamental monograph [II.

1956. Kopfermann,  H.]

In the overview, competing notations for mag-

netic resonance condition are discussed – ω=γH vs

ω=γB (in which H is magnetic field intensity and B is

magnetic field induction) – with Kopfermann’s mono-

graph and Purcell’s textbook [II. 1965. E.  Purcell] as a

reference source. After the Berkley Course introduc-

tory textbook on electricity and magnetism, authored

by Purcell, had been published, nearly all physicists,

in particular of Anglo-Saxon origin, adopted the ω=γB

notation, as opposed to the ω=γH that had been pre-

viously in use. Two alternative notations for the same

phenomenon stemmed from there being different sys-

tems of units preferred by different scientists in dif-

ferent historical periods, a problem covered in brief

in [I. 2009. Kessenikh,  A.  V. 2]. Purcell was the first to

include magnetic resonance in a textbook on electric-

ity and magnetism.

Early monographs and overview papers on NMR,

EPR and other magnetic resonances (published before

1961, for the most part) are in themselves historical

“artifacts” tracing magnetic resonance experimen-

tal, theoretical and methodological development. In

this respect, invaluable is Microwave Spectroscopy, a

monograph by V.  Gordy [II. 1955. Gordy,  V.] which has

a comprehensive bibliography included, arranged by

subject and by year. About one third of it covers mag-

netic resonance spectroscopy. Likewise, one cannot

overestimate the importance of E.  Andrew’s Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance [II. 1957. Andrew, E.  R.] boasting

a bibliography of 508 references – one of the first ever

monographs on nuclear magnetic resonance, and an

early monograph on EPR by Altshuler and Kozyrev

[II. 1961. Altshuler, S.  A.]. Lösche’s praised Nuclear

Induction [II. 1957. Lösche,  A. (Kernindukzion)] also

offers a solid, chronologically arranged (yet with no

thematic structure) reference list. It must be noted,

that for the Russian edition [II. 1963. Lösche,  A.] its

bibliographical chapter was revised and expanded

by the author and by the team of translators led by

P.  M. Borodin. In Russian, the book was published

An unofficial bulletin issued by the Russian Association of NMR Spectroscopists in 1990-2011. Since 1998, the bulletin

had been edited by A. V.  Aganov, the Kazan State University. Its publication frequency varied from 1 to 4 times per

year. In part, the issues of the Russian NMR Newsletter have been archived by Aganov and his assistant N. Galiullina.

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS480

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

nearly 7 years after the German language original

(at the time, 7 years accounted for 35% of the entire

history of publications on magnetic resonance in con-

densed matter!).

Generally, monographs that were published in

later years and those that are subject-specific are still

of interest from historical perspective. Jeffries’ Dy-

namic Nuclear Orientation [II. 1963. Jeffries, C.  D.

(trR)

]

is one such example. Another one is an overview pa-

per by A. Abragam and M. Borghini [II. 1964. Jeffries,

C.  D.

(trR)

], along with monographs by F.  Mehring and

U.  Haeberlen [II. 1976. Mehring,  F.

(trR)

; II. 1976. Hae-

berlen,  U.

(trR)

]. The list of examples continues with

Magnetic and Spin Effects in Chemical Reactions, a

monograph by A.  L.  Buchachenko, R.  Z.  Sagdeev and

K.  M.  Salikhov [II. 1978. Buchachenko, A.  L.], along

with the famous Principles of Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance in One and Two Dimensions by R.  Ernst,

G.  Bodenhousen and A.  Wokaun [II. 1987. Ernst,  R.].

Classic monographs by A.  Abragam [II. 1961.

Abragam,  A.] and by A.  Abragam and B.  Bleaney [II.

1970. Abragam,  A.], widely known as the Bible of

NMR and the Bible of EPR, respectively, both give a

panoramic view of the contribution made by world’s

leading scientists. Both are also important in terms

of historical and scientific perspective they gave

that is central to understanding how basic ideas and

methods of magnetic resonance had been developing

over time. For an attentive reader, Electron Paramag-

netic Resonance of Transition Ions by Abragam and

Bleaney helps uncover the origin of many of the now

accepted approaches to the theory and methods of

magnetic resonance. The monograph refers to fun-

damental works that laid the theoretical foundations

of EPR of transition element compounds, like papers

by F.  Hund [IV.1. 1927. Hund,  F.], H.  Bethe [IV.1. 1929.

Bethe,  H.], H.  Kramers [IV.1. 1930. Kramers, H.  A.],

J.  Van  Vleck [IV.1. 1932. Van  Vleck, J.  H.], H.  Jahn and

E.  Teller [IV.1. 1937. Jahn, H.  A.], and others.

In terms of their contribution to the study of

the history of science, all the monographs can be

ultimately divided into two categories. The first one

provides an exhaustive reference list (Altshuler and

Kozyrev seem to have set the record in the 2

edition

of their Electron Paramagnetic Resonance [II. 1972.

Altshuler, S.  A.] with its 2499 references). Indeed,

reference lists supplied in the foundational mono-

graphs on magnetic resonance formed the backbone

of the present book. The other category is vividly

exemplified by A.  Abragam’s Nuclear Magnetism [II.

1961. Abragam,  A.]. Although it had come out in print

11 years before the record-breaking monograph by

Altshuler and Kozyrev, in 1961, it was not the amount

of research he missed out

that led to a more modest

reference section in Abragam’s monograph, rather it

was the principle he used for citation. What makes

Nuclear Magnetism an invaluable historiographical

source is the historical perspective on the develop-

ment of dynamic NMR spectroscopy it gives, to say

nothing about it in itself being a historical document

that reflects the state of paramagnetic (nuclear mag-

netic for the most part) resonance research and ap-

plications early in the 1960s.

Essentially, any decent monograph is of at least

some value to a historian. The mere emergence of

books that use “energetic, imperatively prescribing

tone”

to describe how to use a technique to get the

ultimate result says that a certain stage in its prac-

tical application has been reached. The difficulty is

only with modern fields of study as the scientists be-

hind them are usually the ones who chronicle their

fields’ history in the making, preferably a well-orga-

nized team of scientists. Of particular mention are

those who arranged for major works in other lan-

guages to be translated into Russian (in many cases

they edited the translations as well, which is clear

from the corresponding references). Generally, in

Russian, monographs were published 2 to 4 years af-

ter the original had come out in print. In this regard,

stand out G.  V.  Skrotsky, S.  V.  Vonsovsky, V.  F.  Bystrov

and A.  N.  Sheinker, and K.  M.  Salikhov. Some of the

most important translated works were edited by

S.  A. Altshuler and E.  Lipmaa, among others.

Of great value, in terms of retrospective histori-

cal study, are proceedings of conferences on magnet-

ic resonance (no matter the title, be it colloquium,

seminar, workshop or other). Worth noticing are the

proceedings of one of the first ever international con-

ferences on radio spectroscopy (magnetic resonance,

mostly) that took place in Amsterdam, in September,

1950 [II. 1951. Proceedings of International Confer-

ence…], and were published in Volume 17 of Phys-

ica. F.  Bloch and E.  M.  Purcell, future Nobel Prize

winners for their discovery of NMR, both spoke at

this even. A.  Kastler shared his findings for which,

16 year later, he would be given a Nobel Prize, for

the first time. H.  Kopfermann, a renowned German

scientist, who had emigrated to the United States be-

fore the Word War  II broke out, took the trouble of

sharing the works by his young colleagues from the

University of Göttingen. The young colleagues were

H.  Dehmelt and H.  Kruger, discoverers of nuclear

The 1

edition of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance [II. 1961. Altshuler, S. A.] published in 1961 already contained

1066 references!

The citation belongs to E. I.  Fedin and comes from his foreword to the Russian translation of [II. 1965, Bible,  R.]

he edited.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S481

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

quadrupole resonance [II. 1951. Kopfermann,  H.].

At the very same event, Oxford scientists of Bleaney’s

school reported rapid development of the EPR meth-

od that had only been discovered by E.  K.  Zavoisky

6 years before. For them, it was the second occasion,

though, the first being at the Meeting of the Physical

Society of London [II. 1948. Proceeding of the Physi-

cal Society]. There were two papers delivered by Ja-

pan scientists, despite it being only 5 years after the

World War II ended leaving Japan defeated and all

but destroyed. Contrastingly, not one Soviet scientist

was able to attend the Conference. Zavoisky’s discov-

ery was referred to by many of the speakers [II. 1951.

Kastler,  A.; Gorter, C.  J.; Bleaney,  B.], while he him-

self at the time was working for the Soviet nuclear

project at Arzamas-16 [I. 1998. Zavoiskaya,  N.  E. 

(b)

His worthy successors, S.  A.  Altshuler and B.  M. Kozy-

rev, struggled to get their works published for some

bogus reasons of secrecy, but mostly because Soviet

bureaucrats were deathly afraid of any contact be-

tween Soviet scientists and their international coun-

terparts, or, to be more precise, it was strictly for-

bidden. M.  A.  Bloch, in his book [I. 2001. Bloch,  M.  A.,

pp. 260-261], reported that a group of Soviet physi-

cists, including A.  M.  Prokhorov, on 30 August, 1950,

was denied a trip to Amsterdam to the Conference.

Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences submitted

a request (Ref. No.-5621s) to the Central Committee of

the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to send a

delegation consisting of academician Andronov  A.  A.,

Prokhorov  A.  M., Vladimirskii  K.  V., and Oraevsky  P.  S.

(member of the Presidium) to take part in the 2nd

International Conference on Spectroscopy at Radiofre-

quencies to be held in Amsterdam, on 18-23 Septem-

ber, 1950. The request was denied (in a note signed

by M.  A.  Suslov and V.  Grigoryan, Ref.  No.  25-s-1633,

dated 14 Sep 1950). The note referred to Prokhorov

and Vladimirskii alone and stated as reason “the

composition of the delegation not meeting the re-

quirements set.” The “requirements” were obviously

bogus. The document A.  M.  Bloch cited is now at the

Russian State Archive of Social and Political History,

fond 1, inventory 17, item 65, lists 59-61. This inci-

dent is a perfect illustration of why a Soviet scientist

(E.  K.  Zavoisky) was hardly expected to be nominated

for the Nobel Prize at the time. Meanwhile, if one

compares proceedings of the Conference [II. 1951.

Proceedings of International Conference…] with pub-

lications in Soviet scientific journals of the same peri-

od (1944-1950), one can see that USSR scientists had a

lot to share, only they were not allowed to. For exam-

ple, see [IV.4. 1947. Zavoisky,  E.  K. 1.; Altshuler,  S.  A.;

Vladimirskii,  K.  V.; Kozyrev,  B.  M.]. For the first time

soviet scientists, B.  M.  Kozyrev and A.  M.  Prokhorov,

attended an important international conference in

1955. It was held at Cambridge University, on 4-5

April, 1955 [II. 1955. Microwave and Radiofrequency

Spectroscopy].

Historiography of magnetic resonance gained a

lot from overview articles included in the proceed-

ings of the anniversary conference held in Kazan, in

1969 [II. 1971. Paramagnetic Resonance], of Varian’s

Third Annual Workshop on Nuclear Magnetic Res-

onance [II. 1960. Papers Presented at the…] and of

other events. Very useful in this regard are feature

overviews that were published by Analytical Chem-

istry biennially, the first of them being [II. 1972.

Corio,  P.  K.]. Also worth noting are the Advances in

Magnetic Resonance (edited by J.  S.  Waugh) and NMR

Basic Principles and Progress (edited by P.  Diehl

etal.) book series that published overview works like

[II. 1976. Haeberlen,  U.]. Those two series are of un-

deniable historiographical value and are well worth

to be incorporated into wider practice.

There are also collections of selected overviews,

for example a volume of selected works published in

memory of B.  M.  Kozyrev, each of the articles con-

taining bibliography of great value [II. 1990. Radio

Spectroscopy…].

Finally, one cannot overestimate the contribution

of the true annals of Soviet and Russian physics in

the 20th century – Advances in Physical Sciences

–

and of Russian Chemical Reviews

that published an

overwhelming amount of materials providing a ret-

rospective outlook on the evolution of magnetic res-

onance.

To cover related fields the authors are not well

acquainted with (such as muon spin resonance, posi-

tron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spec-

troscopy of exotic atoms, and the like), The Physical

Encyclopedia [II. 1992. Gurevich,  I.  I.; Ponomarev,  L.  I.

1, 2.; Faustov,  R.  N.; etc.] was of great help.

To wind up the discussion of Monographs, Over-

views and Subject Collections, it must be noted that

magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that was born as a

single whole, today should not be irrevocably divid-

ed into NMR, EPR and NQR, from historical (and to

some extent methodological) viewpoint. To this speak,

for instance, the history of the Overhauser effect, of

the Provotorov theory, and of spin polarization and

magnetic field effects in chemical reactions [II. 1978.

Buchachenko,  A.  L.]. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

See, for example, [II. 1959. Blumenfeld, L.  A.; II. 1960. Khutsishvili,  G.  R.; II. 1965. Khutsishvili,  G.  R.; II. 1972.

Atsarkin,  V.  A.; II. 1973. Valiev, K.  A.; II. 1976. Pokazaniev,  V.  G.; II. 1978. Atsarkin,  V.  A.; Korst,  N.  N.; II. 1981. Atsar-

kin,  V.  A.; II. 1987. Borovik-Romanov,  S.  A.], and other.

See, for example [II. 1973. Slonim,  I.  Y.; II. 1977. Sagdeev, R.  Z.], and other.

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS482

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Fig. 1. The AMPERE Society today supports a diverse range of activities– from conferences to schools– on manifold magnetic

resonance-related topics. Reproduced from: B.  Blümich and B.  Maraviglia “65 Years Ago: The Birth of the AMPERE Society”,

https://www.ampere-society.org/pdf/65years.pdf. The figure was kindly provided by the AMPERE Society.

in magnetically ordered materials is, to a certain ex-

tent, a separate case, yet they all still share some

common approaches in both theory and experiment

[II. 1952. Ferromagnetic Resonance; II. 1961. Ferro-

magnetic Resonance; II. 1969. Turov,  E.  A.].

Magnetic resonance phenomena and, in partic-

ular, applications have nevertheless become highly

differentiated. High resolution NMR “in one and two

dimensions” is now the method for studying chem-

ical compounds, from simple ones to complex com-

pounds such as biopolymers [II. 1996. Wütrich,  K.;

II. 1998. Doreleijers,  J.  E.; I. 1998. Ananikov,  V.  P.].

EPR and chemically induced dynamic nuclear po-

larization (CIDNP) merged to become a method for

studying photosynthesis. EPR and NMR are used to-

gether to investigate the mechanism of high-tempera-

ture superconductivity [II. 1994. Berthier,  C.; II. 1996.

Brinkmann,  D.]. In clinical practice, magnetic reso-

nance tomography (or imaging) techniques, that are

of undeniable benefit to the humankind [II.  1981.

Atsarkin,  V.  A.; II. 1993. Magnetic Resonance in Med-

icine], emerged and firmly established. Magnetic res-

onance force microscopy is now gaining momentum

as a research method. Dynamic nuclear polarization

has evolved to become an independent technique,

disrupting the traditional way high-resolution NMR

and NMR in solids are applied.

Reference material on the internet. Internet

material is nowadays as common as any other source

of information for exploring the history of science.

Alas, it often has limited lifetime on the Internet and

there comes a point in time when only a recollection

of it can be referred to. Such is the case with historical

information on major players on the world market of

magnetic resonance instrumentation, for example. In

most instances, companies prefer to publish informa-

tion on their current businesses which are not always

the same as half a century ago. Varian Associates, US,

is one such example – it quit the market of magnetic

resonance instrumentation after its founders, Varian

brothers, had passed away. A comprehensive study

on how NMR instruments development was orga-

nized at Varian Associates, an article by T.  Lenoir

and C.  Lécuyer (Stanford. NMR at Varian), used to be

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S483

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

published on the web-site of Stanford University to

mark 25

anniversary of NMR discovery, at https://

www.stanford.edu, but is no longer available (howev-

er, the article [I. 1995. Lenoir,  T.] is available). Contri-

bution to the advancement of magnetic resonance in-

struments made by Swiss-German Bruker-Physik AG,

now Bruker Corporation, is extensively covered in

[I. 1996. Eichhoff,  U.] and in a historical essay that

was kindly provided by Dr.  Uwe  Eichhoff, a German

physicist and an employee of Bruker BioSpin GmbH.

Yet, no other source of similar information seems to

be present on the world wide web. For a historian of

the 20

century science, the role that research and

development units of private and state corporations

play in the development of entire fields of science is

of particular interest. And it must be said, that mag-

netic resonance methods owe explosive development

of their research and analytical applications precisely

to the efforts of Varian Associated, now no longer on

the market, of Bruker Corporation, present day mar-

ket leader, and, in part, of JEOL Ltd., a Japan man-

ufacturer.

Biographical information on Nobel Prize laure-

ates is available on the official website of the Nobel

Prize [III. The Nobel Prize], as well as on the The

Nobel Prize Internet Archive web site [III. The Nobel

Prize Internet Archive]. Web sites of international

associations on magnetic resonance, such as the In-

ternational EPR (ESR) Society [III. IEPRS], the Interna-

tional Society of Magnetic Resonance [III. ISMAR] or

Le Groupement AMPÉRE [III. AMPERE] provide infor-

mation on other scientists who played an important

role in the advancement of magnetic resonance theo-

ry and applications. The latter is often referred to as

AMPERE after, on its web site, the original name of

this organization since its foundation in 1951 [I. 1996.

ENMR] – Atomes et Molecules Par Étude Resonance

Electromagnétique, an elegant echo of the name of

the great French physicist – was Americanized, for

the sake of predominantly English-speaking scientific

community, to the formal Association of Microwave

Power in Europe for Research and Education [III. AM-

PERE]. AMPERE has a subdivision, Euromar, that or-

ganizes high-profile international events in Europe on

the subject of magnetic resonance – annual meetings

covering all aspects of the phenomenon (see Fig. 1).

The study of the list of experimenters who re-

ceived prestigious awards or prizes from IES, ISMAR

or other magnetic resonance international organiza-

tions, generally available on their web sites, helps

understand whose works are to be added to the far

from complete reference list in this book in the fu-

ture. On a side note, among prestigious internation-

al awards in the field of EPR one bears the name

of E.  K.  Zavoisky – the International Zavoisky Award

established by the Kazan State University (no other

Soviet or Russian scientist gave his name to a similar

award in the field of NMR, though). Among the sci-

entists who were given awards by the IES, there are

such Soviet authorities on EPR as L.  A.  Blumenfeld,

A.  I.  Vanin, Y.  S.  Lebedev, Y.  N.  Molin, K.  M.  Salikhov,

Y.  D.  Tsvetkov, and T.  Sanadze. For advances in the

field of NMR, the Ampere Prize, in 1994, went to

Estonian physical chemist E.  Lipmaa, a pioneer of

heteronuclear and solid-state NMR

spectroscopy

in chemistry research, who was held in high es-

teem both in the Soviet and in the world scientific

NMR communities. Among those awarded the ISMAR

Prize, there was E.  K. Zavoisky, for his works on EPR,

although the Prize was conferred to him posthumous-

ly, in 1977.

All the above speaks to the fact that in the field

of ERP Soviet science ranked higher, if compared

to NMR.

When exploring the paradoxical history of how

the Overhauser effect was predicted and studied, and

of its applications development [I. 2004. Kessenikh,

A.  V. 2.], the authors came across a number of web

sites devoted to and providing useful information

on the prominent American physicist the effect

is named after, on his true contribution to science

and the circumstances of him becoming one of the

most esteemed experts on magnetic resonance in the

world, for example [III. Physics. Purdue; III. News.

Uns. Purdue]. Overall, it appears that development of

a systematized register of relevant web sites could

be of help for studying the history of magnetic res-

onance. So far, no such register seems to exist. Stan-

islav Sýkora’s web site listing NRM bibliography [III.

Stan Sykora], mentioned earlier, is a good example

to follow in compiling the register. The web-site was

widely consulted to compile the bibliographical part

of the present book.

Internet, nowadays, is also an easily accessible

source of images, historical and others, often rare

and unique.

Original research papers. Magnetic resonance

foundational works. In his book [II. 1962. Abrag-

am,  A., Chapter 1], Abragam, drawing on the exam-

ple of NMR, thus outlines the general trajectory of

magnetic resonance theory evolution: magnetization

(different magnetic states) in particle beams [IV.1.

1933. Frisch,  R.; Esterman,  I.], nuclear spin magneti-

zation in condensed matter [IV.1. 1937. Lasarew,  B.  G.],

Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy uses interactions between different types of NMR-active nuclei. Generally, it requires

higher sensitivity and specific observation methods. Solid-state NMR requires specific methods for cancelling inter-

actions that result in magnetic resonance line broadening (magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interactions).

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS484

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

particle beam magnetic resonance [IV.1. 1938.

Rabi,  I. I. 1.], magnetic resonance in condensed mat-

ter [IV.4. 1945. Zavoisky,  E.  K. 2.]. To this impeccable

system only a few milestones from the prior pe-

riod can be added: the hypothesis of the existence

of elementary charges – the Ampére molecular cur-

rents – that André-Marie Ampère first presented to

the French Academy of Sciences, Paris (see [I. 1968.

Bel’kind,  L.  D.]); Larmor’s theorem on gyromagnet-

ic properties of “electrified” particles [IV.1.  1896.

Larmor,  J.]; Zeeman’s experiment in optical spectra

[IV.1. 1897. Zeeman,  P.]; the establishment of spin hy-

pothesis [IV.1. 1924. Pauli,  W.; IV.1. 1926. Uhlenbeck,

G.  E.]; and the adoption of quantum [IV.1. 1927.

Pauli,  W.] and quantum-statistical approaches [IV.1.

1927. Dennison,  D.  M.] to interpreting magnetic phe-

nomena. In this way, the broader context of magnetic

resonance development is represented. Also, the Foun-

dational Works section includes some fundamental

works on electron spin hyperfine interactions [IV.1.

1930. Fermi,  E.], on nuclear magnetic moment [IV.1.

1934. Landé,  A.; Tamm,  I.  E.], on magnetic properties

of atoms, molecules and crystals (see references in

[II. 1972. Abragam,  A.] earlier), on spin temperature

[IV.1. 1939. Casimir,  H.  B.  G.], on magnetic resonance

in different coordinate systems [IV.1. 1938. Rabi,  I.;

IV.1. 1940. Bloch,  F.], and other papers. It must be

said, that some of the studies by P.  Curie and P.  Weiss,

P.  Langevin and A.  Sommerfeld would be appropriate

in this section as well. Likewise, much more of the re-

search by O.  Stern, A.  Landé and some other scientists

could have been included (this book, however, incor-

porates only a selected list of their works). Generally,

the Foundational Works section contains papers that

we consider to be milestones in the history of mag-

netic resonance.

Magnetic absorption and dispersion. Recognition

and rapid adoption of quantum paradigm put the

theory of magnetic resonance into the mainstream

of scientific advancement. Meanwhile, classical phys-

icists searched, not unsuccessfully, for anomalous

absorption and dispersion of electromagnetic waves

in ferromagnets. The first to explore this avenue

was the Russian physicist V.  A.  Arkadyev [IV.2. 1913.

Arkadyev, V.  A.] who was later joined by the Argen-

tinian R.  Loyarte and his German colleague R.  Gans

[IV.2. 1921. Gans,  R.]. J.  D.  Dorfman [IV.2. 1923. Dorf-

man,  J.], in the Soviet Union, endeavored to fit their

empiric approach into then embryonic quantum par-

adigm, drawing on their findings and on Einstein

and Ehrenfest’s work [IV.1. 1922. Einstein,  A.] he was

strongly impressed by. At times partial towards the

scientific advances of Soviet origin, regardless of their

objective importance, some of Soviet science histori-

ans tend to overrate Dorfman’s paper on “photomag-

netic effect”, otherwise a work of undeniable value.

On the other hand, Arkadyev’s part in the advance-

ment of radiofrequency spectroscopy of ferromagnets

must not be underrated. It turns out in 1940s-1950s

his successors in the Soviet Union observed magnetic

resonance of ferromagnetic (ferrimagnetic) substanc-

es (see [IV.4. 1951. Fomenko,  L.  A.], a work by an

employee of the Central Laboratory to Counter Man-

Made Radio Frequency Interference).

With time, experimental methods were gain-

ing in sensitivity. By the 1930s, instruments had be-

come sensitive enough for the scientists to embark

on magnetic absorption and dispersion studies in

paramagnetic substances, in addition to ferromag-

nets. In this regard, of foremost importance are the

works by C.  J.  Gorter and his co-workers [IV.4. 1936.

Gorter, C.  J. 1-3.]. In 1936, the focus shifted to the

search for nuclear magnetic resonance

. The publi-

cations included in the Magnetic Resonance Founda-

tional Works subsection for the most part was not

turning points in the history of science, but they

do mark the transition from the calorimetric meth-

od to measuring electromagnetic energy absorption

[IV.2. 1936. Gorter,  C.  J. 2.] and then to the method

of oscillator response [IV.2. 1942. Gorter,  C.  J.] simi-

lar to Zavoisky’s grid-current technique [IV.2. 1932.

Zavoisky, E.  K.]. They are more like period features,

some of them contributing modestly to the develop-

ment of the method but at the time being the talk

of the town. There was time, for example, when al-

most all works on NMR began in the same manner:

authors paid tribute to Gorter’s first unsuccessful at-

tempt to detect NMR [IV.2. 1936. Gorter,  C.  J. 2.] and

continued by lamenting his unwillingness to listen to

Heitler and Teller [IV.1. 1936. Heitler,  W.] who had

already proved that at low temperatures in diamag-

netic substances nuclear spin relaxation times were

too long to observe NMR.

Molecular and atomic beams. In its way, this sub-

section is crucial. Indeed, nuclear magnetic resonance

[IV.3 1938. Rabi,  I.  I. 1,  2.] and electron paramagnetic

resonance [IV.3. 1940. Kush,  P. 1,  2.], both of critical

importance in terms of magnetic resonance methods

development, were first observed in particle beams.

Likewise, nuclear spin quadrupole interactions were

investigated through molecular beam experiment.

While the first experiments in which a molecular

beam technique was used to detect NMR are com-

monly referred to in literature, the first EPR studies

using atomic alkali-metal beams are rarely cited in

papers on EPR.

Two works by Gorter, both reporting negative results [IV.2. 1936. Gorter,  C.  J. 2.; IV.2. 1942, Gorter,  C.  J.], E.  K.  Zavoisky’s

interrupted experiment, recounted in [I. 1971. Altshuler,  S.  A.].

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S485

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Some works published after 1944, for instance

[IV.3. 1947. Nierenberg,  W.  A.], are included in this sub-

section as well, as after NMR and EPR in continuous

media had been discovered the beam method as such

did not lose its relevance. To this speaks the Nobel

Prize awarded to N. F. Ramsey in 1989 for the devel-

opment of the hydrogen maser that uses the atomic

beam method to produce nonequilibrium populations.

Magnetic resonance and magnetic relaxation. In

1944, original research papers on magnetic resonance

and relaxation in condensed matter began to come out.

In the first three years there were only a few, then –

dozens, by 1950 there had been hundreds of works

published, and by mid-1950s – thousands of them.

Apart from the papers that first reported the ob-

servation (discovery) of magnetic resonance phenom-

ena

, the reference list in subsection IV.4. includes

works reporting the discovery of double resonance

phenomena [IV.4. 1950. Kastler,  A.; Pound,  R.  V.],

of hyperfine structure in EPR spectra [IV.4. 1950.

Abragam,  A.], of NMR chemical shifts [IV.4. 1950.

Dickinson,  W.  C.; Proctor, W.  G.; IV.4. 1951. Gutowsky,

H.  S.  1.] and NMR Knight shifts [IV.1. 1949. Knight,

W.  D.], of indirect spin-spin interactions in NMR [IV.4.

1951. Gutowsky, H.  S. 2,  3.], etc. They all are undoubt-

edly milestones in science development. Likewise,

the list contains early papers providing theoretical

interpretation of the nature of those phenomena

[IV.4. 1950. Ramsey,  N.  F.; IV.4. 1953. Ramsey,  N.  F.].

Some of the works are included in the list to trace

the origin of some of the name-bearing apparatuses,

such as the Pound circuit [IV.4. 1947. Pound,  R.  V.] or

the Rollin scheme [IV.4. 1946. Rollin,  B.  J.], or effects,

like, first and foremost, the Overhauser effect (for in-

stance, [IV.1. 1954. Beljers, H.  G.  L.] was the first to

use it in the title). Papers like those can sometimes be

considered period features. Outstanding researchers

in the field can be broadly divided into forerunners,

pioneers, classics of magnetic resonance and inven-

tors. The study of history of magnetic resonance from

the perspective of its most important names can be

paraphrased as the study of “paradoxes in magnetic

resonance history”

, something that history of sci-

ence has in abundance. Some paradoxical situations

repeat themselves over and over again from genera-

tion of scientists to generation, from one knowledge

area to another. One of the most common paradoxes

in science is what can be called “casus Columbus”,

that is to search for one thing and to discover an-

other. It happens to experimenters and theoreticians

alike. Zavoisky was searching for NMR but discov-

ered EPR. Overhauser was searching for the most

efficient theoretical mechanism for electron spin re-

laxation in metals [IV.1. 1953. Overhauser,  A.  1.], but

to no avail (compare to [IV.4. 1954. Elliot,  R.  J.]). In-

stead, he predicted what is now known as the nu-

clear Overhauser effect – one of the manifestations

of electron-nuclear double resonance and of dynamic

nuclear polarization, namely the transfer of nuclear

spin polarization from one type of nuclear spin to

another on saturation and resonance excitation. The

effect is universal and occurs in any substance with

specific mechanisms and correlation time values of

spin-spin interactions between two different types of

spins. Notably, those can as well be interactions be-

tween two different nuclear spins (spin groups) [IV.4.

1955. Solomon,  I.] or between an electron spin and

a nuclear spin. To a historian, scientific errors and

scientific breakthroughs are of equal interest, as both

are period features. Therefore, some of “erroneous”

findings have been added to the reference list, in-

cluding those from Sýkora’s bibliography (he marked

them with “wrong interpretation”).

Some of original researches offer comprehen-

sive overview chapters. Such are, for example, early

papers by E.  T.  Lippmaa [IV.4. 1962. Lippmaa, E.  T.

1,  3.]. In his fist publications on his original design

of a high-resolution NMR spectrometer he compared

its characteristics to those of other laboratory and

manufactured spectrometers. He is a good example

for young researchers to follow, as only few of them

now bother to put their findings in the context of

advances made by their predecessors and peers.

We do not claim to offer a substantial compar-

ative analysis of different sources according to their

“importance” (or, at the very least, according to their

citation frequency). But we can positively state, that

before 1933, for instance, the overwhelming majority

of commonly cited papers had been written in Ger-

man

, while after 1944 the greater part of works

was originally in English, more than a half of mag-

netic resonance research, up until mid-1960s, being

published in the American Physical Review. With

time, the growing number of papers could have been

found in chemical journals (in particular, in the Jour-

nal of Chemical Physics), in journals on biology and

medicine, and in some specialized journals (since

1969, in the Journal of Magnetic Resonance and in

Organic Magnetic Resonance, now Magnetic Reso-

nance in Chemistry). In one of our previous papers

EPR: [IV.4. 1945. Zavoisky,  E.  K. 1.], NMR: [IV.4. 1946. Bloch,  F.; IV.4. 1946. Purcell,  E.  M.], FMR: [IV.4. 1946. Grif-

fiths,  J.  H.  E.], NQR: [IV.4. 1950. Dehmelt,  H.  G. 1, 2.].

Compare [I. 2004. Kessenikh,  A.  V. 2.] and [I. 2004. Kessenikh, A.  V.]

In H. Bethe’s classical work [IV.1. 1929. Bethe,  H.], itself in German, not a single work in any other language is re-

ferred to!

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS486

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

[II. 1999. Kessenikh, A.  V.], it was noted that the ex-

haustive 1972 review of literature on NMR [II. 1972.

Corio, P.  L.] contained only 128 papers by Soviet sci-

entists in both Russian and non-Russian journals (17

altogether) out of the total of 2088 references (for the

period of 1969-1971). Such, objectively, was the con-

tribution of the Soviet science to NMR research (6%

of the total number of publications). In the present

book this contribution is magnified, to say the least,

to lay the foundations for the historiography of mag-

netic resonance research in the USSR, the task our

previous works were not up to.

CONCLUSION

We do hope that some of the approaches of-

fered in this book will continue to be used in future

works on the subject. We recommend starting the list

of references for every stage in magnetic resonance

development with monographs and overviews that

are in a way concluding the period. Once the most

important references in those works have been re-

viewed, one can proceed to other papers by frequent-

ly cited authors. Those works can often be found in

reference material available on the Internet or are

cited in the monographs under review. Next, one

can make a list of scientists (award-winning in most

cases) without whose works the bibliography would

not be complete. In this endeavor, material published

on the Internet is usually of great help. Another im-

portant source for author selection at this stage are

journals’ author indexes and citation indexes. Armed

with such a list one can proceed to another round

of bibliography examination paying attention to the

papers by award-winning or commonly cited authors

among references provided in “concluding” works.

Inevitably, it takes more than one study of available

bibliographies to compile a comprehensive refer-

ence list on a particular subject, as they commonly

list hundreds of references. We hope that the refer-

ence list included in this book, however incomplete

it may be, lays a strong foundation for our effort to

be continued by others. To that end, subsection IV.4.

of Original Research Papers is supplied with author

index that, among other things, reflects the contribu-

tion of the authors of original research to overview

literature and monographs. It must be said, though,

that, for this book, the list of sources available to the

authors was limited by technical reasons (namely, by

the availability of literature in libraries

Originally, the idea was to limit the detailed re-

view of original research by the period ending in

1969-1971. However, we could not help including

later works by the Nobel Prize and the Internation-

al Zavoisky Award winners and papers reporting

discoveries of new magnetic resonance phenomena

that we know of, as well as articles on latest devel-

opments at Russia’s biggest centers of magnetic res-

onance research (Kazan, Novosibirsk, the Institute of

Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences and

its daughter organizations, Lomonosov Moscow State

University, etc.). Obviously, with regard to the latter

two categories, our judgement is more subjective, for

which we apologize to the scientists whose works are

missing from our reference list. To select later works

to be included in the magnetic resonance bibliography

we widely consulted A.  V.  Arutyunyan, V.  A.  Atsarkin,

P.  G.  Baranov, V.  A.  Zabrodin, V.  E.  Zobov, A.  V.  Ilyasov,

S.  V.  Kapelnitsky, G.  E.  Karnaukh, A.  A.  Kokin,

G.  B.  Lagodzinskaya, Y.  N. Molin, I.  V. Ovchinnikov,

K.  M. Salikhov, N.  M.  Sergeev, Y.  I.  Talanov, E.  B.  Feld-

man and other colleagues, to each of whom we are

deeply grateful.

Our first attempt at compiling a comprehen-

sive bibliography on magnetic resonance [I. 2005.

Kessenikh] inadvertently missed (or barely included)

entire layers of literature that may not be crucial for

magnetic resonance development, but are of signifi-

cance in terms of its historiography. In terms of sub-

ject matter, missing were publications on EPR studies

of clusters and biradicals, NMR spectroscopy of nuclei

with large quadrupole moment, NMR in magnetically

ordered materials, FMR, AFMR, etc. In terms of sourc-

es, largely missing was the body of original research

that had been published in the Journal of Magnet-

ic Resonance since 1969. To correct the flaws in the

original bibliography would take a totally revamped

publication, four times thicker at the very least. The

present monograph includes a partially revamped

reference list, some several hundred references add-

ed and revised with the help of sources available at

the libraries at the Physical Institute and the Institute

of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Science,

and on the Internet. Once again, we encourage our

colleagues to continue our endeavor to compile a

comprehensive bibliography on magnetic resonance

and the history of its development.

Unavailability of lots of Soviet scientific journals (still not digitized) has a sharply negative impact on studying the

history of science in the USSR. In recent years, this abnormal situation has slowly begun to change — some journals

were digitized, fully or partially (vivid examples are Biochemistry (Moscow) and the Reports of the USSR Academy

of Sciences). Paradoxically, this critical problem is still being tackled only by enthusiasts, but not by journal found-

er, publishers, scientific and government leadership. Fortunately, large collections of printed versions of old Soviet

journals are stored in some unique libraries (public or institutional, e.g., the library of N.  N.  Semenov Institute of

Chemical Physics), but the prospects for further long-term preservation of these collections are not encouraging.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S487

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Appendix 1. Selected annotated bibliography on

the history of magnetic resonance

Legend:

(*)

– publications on magnetic resonance re-

lated problems (magneto-mechanical res-

onance, muon spin resonance, the fine

structure and Zeeman effect of positro-

nium);

(+)

– additional literature;

(b)

– biographical material;

(hist)

– historical material;

(histR)

– material important in the context of

magnetic resonance development in

Russia;

(trR)

– Russian translation is available.

When the title of the work does not reveal some

important detail of the experiment, the reference is

supplied with an annotation. Some of the annotations

come from the Collection of References edited by

Stanislav Sýkora [III. 2007. Sykora, S.] and are marked

with (S.  S.).

I. HISTORICAL STUDIES

AND MATERIALS (HISTORIOGRAPHY)

1957

(1957) Interview with E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], So-

viet Union, 11, 22.

1961

(1961) 10e Colloque Ampère: Leipzig, 13-17 Septem-

bre, 1961 [in French], Archives des Sciences,

éditées par la SPHN. Fascicule Spécial, 14, 1-531.

(1961) Le Groupement Ampère de 1952 à 1962 [in

French], Archives des Sciences, éditées par la

SPHN. Fascicule Spécial, 14, 3-5.

1963

Nesmeyanov, A.  N., and Fedin, E.  I. (1963, October

29) Eagerly awaiting [in Russian], Literaturnaia

Gazeta (Literature Newspaper). 

(histR)

1966

Jammer, M. (1966) The Conceptual Development of

Quantum Mechanics First Edition, McGraw-Hill,

New York. 

(trR)

1968

Bel’kind, L.  D. (1968) André-Marie Ampère. 1775-1836

[in Russian], Nauka, Moscow.

1971

Altshuler, S.  A., and Kozyrev, B.  M. (1971) Regarding

the history of electron paramagnetic resonance

discovery in Paramagnetic Resonance 1944-1969.

The All-Union Anniversary Conference (Kazan,

24-29 June, 1969) [in Russian], pp. 25-31, Nauka,

Moscow.

Reprinted in (1993) Magician of Experiment: Remi-

niscences about Academician E.  K. Zavoisky [in

Russian], pp. 12-17, Nauka, Moscow.

Gorter, C.  J. (1971) Concerning the electron magnetic

relaxation and resonance in Paramagnetic Reso-

nance 1944-1969. The All-Union Anniversary Con-

ference (Kazan, 24-29 June, 1969) [in Russian], pp.

15-25, Nauka, Moscow.

Listed in II. Reviews and Monographs as well.

Kastler, A. (1971) Regarding the history prior to the

discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance

in Paramagnetic Resonance 1944-1969. The All-

Union Anniversary Conference (Kazan, 24-29

June, 1969) [in Russian], pp. 9-15, Nauka, Moscow.

Reprinted abridged in (1993) Magician of Exper-

iment: Reminiscences about Academician E.  K.

Zavoisky [in Russian], pp. 18-21, Nauka, Moscow.

(1971) Paramagnetic Resonance 1944-1969. The All-

Union Anniversary Conference (Kazan, 24-29

June, 1969) [in Russian].

Listed in II. Reviews and Monographs as well.

1974

Dunskaya, I.  M. (1974) The Emergence on Quantum

Electronics [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow.

1975

(1975) Acoustic paramagnetic resonance: the discov-

ery made by S.  A. Altshuler. Concerning the dis-

covery of paramagnetic resonance [in Russian],

Herald of the Academy of Science of the USSR,

149.

1980

Borovik-Romanov, A.  S. (1980) Concerning the dis-

covery of paramagnetic resonance [in Russian],

Studies in the History of Science and Technology,

no. 3, 126.

1989

Abragam, A. (1989) Time Reversal: An Autobiography,

Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. 

(trR)

1990

Frenkel, V.  Y., and Yavelov, B.  E. (1990) Einstein:

Inventions and Experimentation [in Russian]

nd

ed., Nauka, Moscow.

  (*)

Among other things, the work by Einstein and de

Haas on the magnetomechanical effect is dis-

cussed. The accuracy of measurements was not

high enough providing for the wrong solution for

the problem of electron g-factor.

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS488

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

1993

Altshuler, S.  A., and Kozyrev, B.  M. (1993) Regarding

the history of electron paramagnetic resonance

discovery in Magician of Experiment: Reminis-

cences About Academician E.  K. Zavoisky [in Rus-

sian], pp. 12-17, Nauka, Moscow.

Reprinted from in (1971) Paramagnetic Resonance

1944-1969. The All-Union Anniversary Conference

(Kazan, 24-29 June, 1969) [in Russian], pp. 25-31,

Nauka, Moscow.

Kastler, A. (1993) Regarding the history prior to the

discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in

Magician of Experiment: Reminiscences About Ac-

ademician E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], pp. 18-21,

Nauka, Moscow.

For the full, illustrated text of the conference paper,

see (1971) Paramagnetic Resonance 1944-1969.

The All-Union Anniversary Conference (Kazan,

24-29 June, 1969) [in Russian], pp. 9-15, Nauka,

Moscow.

Listed in II. Reviews and Monographs as well.

Shushakov, O.  A., and Legchenko, A.  V. (1993)

Non-drilling NMR in Earth’s magnetic field [in

Russian], NMR Newsletter, 13-15.

Silkin, I.  I., and Trofanchuk, L.  A. (1993) Concerning

the history of the ERP discovery (Archive materi-

als and lost-and-found-again apparatuses) in Ma-

gician of Experiment: Reminiscences About Aca-

demician E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], pp. 114-118,

Nauka, Moscow.

Vonsovsky, S.  V. (1993) Reminiscences about academi-

cian E.  K. Zavoisky in Magician of Experiment:

Reminiscences About Academician E.  K. Zavoisky

[in Russian], pp. 21-27, Nauka, Moscow.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1993) A historical sketch of EPR in

Magician of Experiment: Reminiscences About Ac-

ademician E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], pp. 222-

225, Nauka, Moscow.

(1993) Magician of Experiment: Reminiscences About

Academician E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], Nauka,

Moscow.

1995

Aganov, A.  V. (1995) Y.  Y. Samitov and his scientific

path. Proceedings of the 2nd All-Russia Seminar

“NMR Latest Advancements in Structural Stud-

ies” [in Russian], NMR Newsletter (Special Issue),

5-15.

Lenoir, T., and Lécuyer, C. (1995) Instrument makers

and discipline builders: The case of nuclear mag-

netic resonance, Perspect. Sci., 3, 276-345, https://

doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00485.

Zavoiskaya, N.  E. (1995) [in Russian], Kurchatovets.

Kochelaev, B.  I., and Yablokov, Y.  V. (1995) The Begin-

ning of Paramagnetic Resonance, WORLD SCIEN-

TIFIC, https://doi.org/10.1142/2610.

1996

Becker, E. D., Fisk, C. L., and Khetrapal, C. L. (1996) The

development of NMR in Encyclopedia of Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance, pp. 1-158, John Wiley& Sons,

Chichester.

Eichhoff, U. (1996) Bruker Analytishe Meestechnik GmbH

[in Russian], Journal of General Chemistry, XL, 26.

Fedin, E.  I. (1996) The golden stamp of failure (remi-

niscences) [in Russian], NMR Newsletter, 336-344.

Goldman, M. (1996) The time when spin temperature

was hot stuff in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Mag-

netic Resonance, pp. 338-341, John Wiley & Sons,

Chichester.

Grant, D.  M., and Harris, R.  K. (Eds.). (1996) Encyclo-

pedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1st edition.,

John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Listed in II. Reviews and Monographs as well.

Lauterbur, P.  C. (1996) One path out of many - how

MRI actually began in Encyclopedia of Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance, pp. 445-449, John Wiley &

Sons, Chichester.

Proctor, W. G. (1996) When you and I were young,

Magnet in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Reso-

nance, pp. 548-551, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Sergeyev, N.  M. (1996) Isotope effects on spin-spin

coupling constants in Encyclopedia of Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance, p. ??, John Wiley & Sons,

Chichester.

Slighter, C.  P., Coreyf, R.  L., Curro, N.  J., Desoto, S.  M.,

O’hara, K., Imai, T., Kini, A.  M., Wang, H.  H.,

Geiser,U., Williams, J.  M., Yoshimura, K., Katoh, M.,

and Kosuge, K. (1996) Nuclear magnetic resonance

and electron spins: Some history, ancient and in

the making, Philosophical Magazine B, 74, 545-

561, https://doi.org/10.1080/01418639608240356.

Ustynyuk, Y.  A., and Gurevich, A.  Z. (1996) Varian [in

Russian], Journal of General Chemistry, XL, 40.

Waugh, J.  S. (1996) Alchemy of nuclear spins in Ency-

clopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, pp. 683-

688, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Zavoisky, V.  K. (1996) The Past [in Russian], Tatpoli-

graf, Kazan.

1997

Fedin, E.  I. (1997) The golden stamp of failure (remi-

niscences) [in Russian], NMR Newsletter, no. 1-2,

418-427.

Borodin, P.  M. (1997) [in Russian], NMR Newsletter,

no. 3-4, 495-500.

Khachaturov, A.  S. (1997) [in Russian], NMR Newslet-

ter, no. 3-4.

1998

Ananikov, V.  P. (1998) NMR, molecular structure and

evolution of PCs [in Russian], NMR Newsletter,

no. 3-4, 632-637.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S489

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Shcherbakov, V.  A. (1998) NMR as part of speech:

pronouncing the noun and the adjective [in Rus-

sian], NMR Newsletter, no. 3-4, 653-669.

Yablokov, Y.  V., and Fanchenko, S.  D. (1998) A short

review of scientific, pedagogical and public work

(of E.  K. Zavoisky) in Evgeny Konstantinovich

Zavoisky (1907-1976). Biographical Materials [in

Russian], pp. 10-29, Unipress, Kazan.

Zavoiskaya, N.  E. (1998) E.  K. Zavoisky and his work

on the Soviet atomic project (Arzamas-16) in The

history of the Soviet atomic program. Documents.

Reminiscences. Studies. [in Russian], pp. 274-278,

Janus-K, Moscow. 

(b  histR)

Trufanova-Zavoiskaya V. K. et al. (Comp.) (1998) Evgeny

Konstantinovich Zavoisky (1907-1976). Biographi-

cal Materials[in Russian], Unipress, Kazan.

1999

Kessenikh, A.  V. (1999) NMR: analytical methods de-

velopment in the USSR and Russia. Part 1 [in

Russian], NMR Newsletter, no. 1-2, 655-678.

See [I. Kessenikh, A.  V. 2008].

Kessenikh, A.  V. (1999) NMR: analytical methods de-

velopment in the USSR and Russia. Part 2 [in

Russian], NMR Newsletter, no. 3-4, 794-808

See [I. Kessenikh, A.  V. 2008].

Kessenikh, A.  V. (1999) Y.  G. Dorfman: contribution

to magnetochemistry and magnetic resonance in

Studies on the history of physics and mechanics

[in Russian], pp. 91-112, Nauka, Moscow.

2001

Bloch, A.  M. (2001) The Soviet Union through the Mir-

ror of the Nobel Prizes: Facts. Documents. Reflec-

tions. Commentary. [in Russian] (Melua, A.  I., Ed.)

 ed., Humanistica, St. Petersburg.

(2001) In memory of Boris Nikitovich Provotorov.

Abridged transcript of the seminar “Magnetic

resonance problems” No. 158 [in Russian], NMR

Newsletter, no. 3-4, 1183-1238

See [I. Kessenich, A.  V. 2005.1].

(2001) Semen Alexandrovich Altshuler. Reminiscences

from his Friends, Colleagues, and Students [in

Russian], DAS, Kazan.

2003

Kessenikh, A. V. (2003) Lorentz(ian) line shape. Origin

and evolution of the concept. Establishment of the

term in Studies on the History of Physics and Me-

chanics [in Russian], pp. 272-292, Nauka, Moscow.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2003) Condensed-state physics and

quantum electronics. Preparatory guidelines for

taking the candidacy exam in the history and

philosophy of science in Studies on the History

of Physics and Mechanics [in Russian], pp. 63-88,

Nauka, Moscow.

(2003) Semen Alexandrovich Altshuler (1911-1983).

Reminiscences [in Russian], FiztekhPress, Kazan.

2004

Kessenikh, A. V. (2004) Sixty years of the electron para-

magnetic resonance discovery in Modern physics

problems. Lectures and papers delivered at the

10th All-Russian Scientific Conference of Physics

Students and at the Workshop and Seminar on Op-

tics and Spectroscopy [in Russian], pp. 4-22, MSU

Faculty of Physics, Moscow.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2004) Renowned and unnamed he-

roes of magnetic resonance, pp. 90-97, Tambov.

See [I. Kessenikh, A. V. 2009. 1].

(2004) Boris Mikhailovich Kozyrev (1905-979) [in Rus-

sian], KGU Publishing House, Kazan.

2005

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2005) NMR, EPR and the theory of

condensed systems of magnetic dipoles (oral his-

tory of the Provotorov theory) in Scientific So-

ciety of USSR Physicists. 1950s-1960s and Later

Years [in Russian], pp. 300-385, RHGA, St. Peters-

burg.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2005) Vladimir Fedorovich Bystrov.

Unofficial biography of the scientist in Scientific

Society of USSR Physicists. 1950s-1960s and Later

Years [in Russian], pp. 537-567, RHGA, St. Peters-

burg.

Silkin, I.  I. (2005) Evgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky:

A Chronicle of Scientific and Pedagogical Work

at the Kazan University [in Russian], KGU Pub-

lishing House, Kazan.

2006

Reinhardt, C. (2006) A lead user of instruments in

science: John D. Roberts and the adaptation of

nuclear magnetic resonance to organic chemis-

try, 1955-1975, Isis, 97, 205-236, https://doi.org/

10.1086/504732.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2006) To the historiography and bib-

liography of magnetic resonance phenomenon, in

Historical Studies in Physics and Mechanics: 2005

[in Russian], pp. 219-281, Nauka, Moscow.

The first draft of Chapter 4 of the present book.

2007

Fedin, E.  I. (2007) The golden stamp of failure (rem-

iniscences) in Scientific Society of USSR Phys-

icists. 1950s-1960s and Later Years. Issue no. 2

[in Russian], pp. 366-393, RHGA, St. Petersburg.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2007) On the occasion of the birth

centenary of E.  K. Zavoisky [in Russian], Phys-

ics-Uspekhi, 177, 1029-1030.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2007) A physicist from Georgia. Le-

van Buishvili (reminiscences) in Scientific Society

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS490

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of USSR Physicists. 1950s-1960s and Later Years.

Issue no. 2 [in Russian], pp. 498-518, RHGA, St.

Petersburg.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2007) Our “Lühike jalg” to Europe

(reminiscences about Endel Lippmaa, Estonian

physicist and chemist) in Scientific Society of

USSR Physicists. 1950s-1960s and Later Years.

Issue no. 2 [in Russian], pp. 574-587, RHGA, St.

Petersburg.

Zavoiskaya, N.  E. (2007) A History of One Discovery

[in Russian], IDT Publishers, Moscow.

2008

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2008) USSR scientists conquering

NMR (development of NMR analytical methods in

the USSR and in Russia) in Studies on the History

of Physics and Mechanics [in Russian], pp. 148-

194, Nauka, Moscow.

2009

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2009) Magnetic resonance: discovery,

investigations, and applications [in Russian], Phys-

ics-Uspekhi, 52, 695-722, https://doi.org/10.3367/

UFNe.0179.200907c.0737.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (2009) Renowned and unnamed he-

roes of magnetic resonance [in Russian], Studies

in the History of Science and Technology, 82-98.

2017

Ptushenko, V. V., and Zavoiskaya, N. E. (2017) EPR in

the USSR: the thorny path from birth to biological

and chemical applications, Photosynth. Res., 134,

133-147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-017-0432-5.

2018

Kessenikh, A.  V., and Markolia, A.  A. (2018) Nuclear

magnetic resonance method at Sukhumi Physical

Technical Institute (1949-1959) [in Russian], Stud-

ies in the History of Science and Technology, 39,

27-37.

Ptushenko, V.  V., and Amiton, I.  P. (2018) To turn the

tide in the Soviet scientific instrumentation: in

memoriam Erlen I. Fedin (1926-2009), Struct.

Chem., 29, 1225-1234, https://doi.org/10.1007/

s11224-018-1121-5.

Savelova, O.  A. (2018) History of magnetic resonance

development in Siberia, from the early days on:

potential grounds, institutionalization and prac-

tical applications (as exemplified by the Inter-

national Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of

Russian Academy of Sciences), Candidate’s (PhD)

dissertation, Tomsk.

2019

Ptushenko, V.  V. (2019) The unfinished Nobel race of

Eugene Zavoisky: to the 75th anniversary of EPR

discovery, Sci. Bull., 64, 146-148, https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.scib.2018.12.012.

Ptushenko, V.  V. (2019) Chain Initiation, Her. Russ.

Acad. Sci., 89, 84-90, https://doi.org/10.1134/

S1019331619010088.

II. MONOGRAPHS, OVERVIEWS,

AND SUBJECT COLLECTIONS

(see the Online Resource1)

1932

Vleck, J.  H.  V. (1932) The Theory of Electric and Mag-

netic Susceptibilities First Edition, Oxford Univer-

sity Press, Oxford. 

(+)

1943

Broer, L.  J.  F. (1943) On the theory of paramagnetic

relaxation, Physica, 10, 801-816

1945

Bloch, F., and Rabi, I.  I. (1945) Atoms in variable mag-

netic fields, Rev. Mod. Phys., 17, 237-244, https://

doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.17.237.

1947

Ginzburg, V.  L. (1947) Radiofrequency spectroscopy of

molecules [in Russian], Physics-Uspekhi, 31, 320-

343. 

(*)

The first time works on EPR and NMR are re-

ferred to in a solid overview.

Gorter, C.  J. (1947) Paramagnetic Relaxation, Elsevier,

New York et al., https://doi.org/10.1126/science.

107.2785.512.b. 

(trR)

1948

(1948), Proceedings of the Physical Society, 61, no. 6,

450-600.

Bloembergen, N. (1948) Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation,

Martinus Nijhoff, the Hague.

(S.  S.) First NMR monograph.

Bagguley, D.  M.  S., Bleaney, B., Griffiths, J.  H.  E.,

Penrose, R.  P., and Plumpton, B.  I. (1948) Para-

magnetic resonance in salts of the iron group –

a preliminary survey: I. Theoretical discussion,

Proc. Phys. Soc., 61, 542-550, https://doi.org/

10.1088/0959-5309/61/6/311.

Bagguley, D.  M.  S., Bleaney, B., Griffiths, J.  H.  E.,

Penrose, R.  P., and Plumpton, B.  I. (1948) Para-

magnetic resonance in salts of the iron group –

a preliminary survey: II. Experimental results,

Proc. Phys. Soc., 61, 551-561, https://doi.org/

10.1088/0959-5309/61/6/312.

An overview of own papers. Listed in IV. Original

Research Papers as well.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S491

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Gorter, C.  J. (1948) A few remarks about spectroscopy

at low frequencies, Proc. Phys. Soc., 61, 541-542,

https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-5309/61/6/310.

1950

Birks, J.  B. (1950) The properties of ferromagnet-

ic compounds at centimetre wavelengths, Proc.

Phys. Soc. B, 63, 65, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-

1301/63/2/301. 

(trR, S.  V.  Vonsovsky, ed.)

Pake, G.  E. (1950) Fundamentals of nuclear magnetic

resonance absorption. I, Am. J. Phys., 18, 438-452,

https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1932628.

Pake, G. E. (1950) Fundamentals of nuclear magnetic

resonance absorption. II, Am. J. Phys., 18, 473-486,

https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1932643. 

(trR)

According to L.  L.  Dekabrun, editor of the Rus-

sian translation, this Pake’s article makes an ex-

ceptional introduction to the theory and practice

of NMR for beginners.

Van Vleck, J.  H. (1950) Concerning the theory of fer-

romagnetic resonance absorption, Phys. Rev.,

78, 266-274, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.

266. 

(trR, S.  V.  Vonsovsky,  ed.)

1951

(1951) Proceedings of the International Conference on

Spectroscopy at Radio Frequencies, Physica, 17,

169-174.

Abragam, A. (1951) Paramagnetic resonance and hy-

perfine structure in the iron transition group,

Physica, 17, 209-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/

0031-8914(51)90060-2.

Bleaney, B. (1951) Hyperfine structure in paramag-

netic resonance, Physica, 17, 175-190, https://

doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(51)90057-2.

Bloch, F. (1951) Nuclear induction, Physica, 17, 272-

281, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(51)90068-7.

Gorter, C.  J. (1951) Spectroscopy at radio frequen-

cies, Physica, 17, 169-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/

0031-8914(51)90056-0.

Kastler, A. (1951) Méthodes optiques d’étude de la réso-

nance magnétique, Physica, 17, 191-204, https://

doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(51)90058-4.

Kittel, C. (1951) Ferromagnetic resonance, J. Phys.

Radium, 12, 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1051/

jphysrad:01951001203029100.

Kopfermann, H. (1951) Quadrupole frequencies in

crystals: Summary of a paper by H.  G. Dehmelt

und H. Krüger, Göttingen, Physica, 17, 386-387,

https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914(51)90079-1.

A brief overview of the works by H. Dehmelt and

H. Kruger on NQR discovery and research.

Listed in II. Monographs and Overviews as well.

Purcell, E.  M. (1951) Nuclear resonance in crystals,

Physica, 17, 282-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-

8914(51)90069-9.

Ramsey, N.  F. (1951) Magnetic shielding of nuclei in

molecules, Physica, 17, 303-307, https://doi.org/

10.1016/0031-8914(51)90070-5.

An overview of the early papers on nuclear

shielding and NMR chemical shifts).

Schneider, E.  E., and England, T.  S. (1951) Paramag-

netic resonance at large magnetic dilutions,

Physica, 17, 221-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-

8914(51)90062-6.

Ubbink, J., Poulis, J.  A., and Gorter, C.  J. (1951) Para-

magnetic resonance in iron alums, Physica,

17, 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-8914

(51)90061-4.

Van Vleck, J.  H. (1951) Ferromagnetic resonance,

Physica, 17, 234-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-

8914(51)90063-8. 

(trR, S.  V.  Vonsovsky,  ed.)

1952

Bloch, F. (1952) The principle of nuclear induction,

Nobel Prize Lecture.

(S.  S.) the pdf document can be downloaded from

Bloch’s Nobel Prize web page.

Lazurkin, V.  N. (1952) Ferromagnetic resonance and

centimeter waves [in Russian], Bull. Russ. Acad.

Sci. Phys., 16, 510-520.

Purcell, E.  M. (1952) Research in nuclear magnetism,

Nobel Prize Lecture.

(S.  S.) The pdf document can be downloaded

from Purcell’s Nobel Prize web page.

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(+)

The work is important for understanding the

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that is, the probability of repeated pair collisions,

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Ramsey, N.  F. (1956) Molecular Beams, Oxford Univer-

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(+)

Listed in IV.3. Before 1944 and Beyond: Magnetic

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1957

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Pople, J.  A., Bernstein, H.  J., and Schneider, W.  G.

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Altshuler, S. A., and Kozyrev, B. M. (Eds.). (1960) Para-

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as excitation of spin waves in Ferromagnetic Res-

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151, Fizmatgiz, Moscow.

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24, Fizmatgiz, Moscow.

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of a High-Frequency Magnetic Field in Ferromag-

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magnetic Resonance [in Russian], Fizmatgiz, Mos-

cow.

1967

Borodin, P.  M., Melnikov, A.  V., Morozov, A.  A., and

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  (*)

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(+)

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(+)

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Salikhov, K.  M., Semenov, A.  G., Tsvetkov, Y.  D., and

Molin, Y.  N. (1976) Electron Spin Echo and its Ap-

plications [in Russian], Nauka, Siberian Branch,

Novosibirsk.

1977

Safin, I.  A., and Osokin, D.  Y. (1977) Nuclear Quadru-

pole Resonance of Nitrogen Compounds [in Rus-

sian], Nauka, Moscow.

Sagdeev, R.  Z., Salikhov, K.  M., and Molin, Yu.  M.

(1977) The influence of the magnetic field on

processes involving radicals and triplet molecules

in solutions, Russ. Chem. Rev., 46, 297, https://

doi.org/10.1070/RC1977v046n04ABEH002133.

Zamaraev, K.  I., Molin, Y.  N., and Salikhov, K.  M.

(1977) Spin Exchange: Theory and Applications

in Physics and Chemistry [in Russian], Nauka,

Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk.

1978

Atsarkin, V.  A. (1978) Dynamic polarization of nuclei

in solid dielectrics, Sov. Phys. Usp., 21, 725, https://

doi.org/10.1070/PU1978v021n09ABEH005678.

Buchachenko, A.  L., Sagdeev, R.  Z., and Salikhov, K.  M.

(1978) Magnetic and Spin Effects in Chemical Re-

actions [in Russian] (Molin, Yu.  M., Ed.), Nauka,

Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk.

Grachev, B.  G., and Deigen, M.  F. (1978) Electron-nucle-

ar double resonance of impurity centers in non-

metallic crystals, Sov. Phys. Usp., 21, 674, https://

doi.org/10.1070/PU1978v021n08ABEH005673.

Korst, N.  N., and Antsiferova, L.  I. (1978) Study of

slow molecular motions by stable-radical EPR,

Sov. Phys. Usp., 21, 761, https://doi.org/10.1070/

PU1978v021n09ABEH005680.

Waugh, J.  S. (1978) New NMR Methods in Solid State

Physics: Lectures [in Russian], Mir, Moscow.

Russian translation of his lecture course.

1979

Belousov, Y.  M., Gorelkin, V.  N., Mikaélyan, A.  L.,

Miloserdin, V.  Y., and Smilga, V.  P. (1979) Study

of metals by means of positive muons, Sov.

Phys. Usp., 22, 679, https://doi.org/10.1070/

PU1979v022n09ABEH005606.

Kessenikh, A.  V., and Shteinshneider, A.  Y. (1979) Mag-

netic resonance spectroscopy of liquid Crystals in

Liquid Crystals [in Russian] (Zhdanov, S.  I., Ed.),

pp. 216-260, Khimia, Moscow.

Ursu, I. (1979) Resonanţa Magnetică în Compoşi cu

Urani [in Romanian], Editura Academiei Repub-

licii Socialiste România, Bucarest. 

(trR)

1980

Atsarkin, V.  A. (1980) Dynamic Polarization Nuclei in

Solid Dielectrics [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow.

Atsarkin, V. A., Vasneva, G. A., Mefed, A. E., and

Ryabushkin, O. A. (1980) The enhancedlongitu-

dinal susceptibility effect (ELSE) and its applica-

tions in magnetic resonance, Bull. Magn. Reson.,

1, 139-156.

Becker, E.  D. (1980) High Resolution NMR: Theory and

Chemical Applications. Proceedings of the NATO

Advanced Study Institute held at Acquafredda di

Maratea, Italy, June 3-15, 1979, Academic Press,

New York.

Bertini, I., and Drago, R.  S. (Eds.). (1980) ESR and

NMR of Paramagnetic Species in Biological and

Related Systems. Proceedings of the NATO Ad-

vanced Study Institute held at Acquafredda di

Maratea, Italy, June 3-15, 1979, D. Reidel Publish-

ing Company, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/

978-94-009-9524-6.

Eliashberg, M.  E., Gribov, L.  A., and Serov, V.  V. (1980)

Molecular Spectral Analysis and Digital Electronic

Computers [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow. 

(+)

General principles of digital processing of

spectral data, methods of pattern recognition

included.

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Günther, H. (1980) NMR Spectroscopy - An Introduc-

tion, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, https://doi.org/

10.1002/bbpc.19800841124.

Inagaki, F., and Miyazawa, T. (1980) NMR analyses

of molecular conformations and conformational

equilibria with the lanthanide probe method,

Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spec-

troscopy, 14, 67-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/

0079-6565(80)80004-5.

Kaplan, J., and Fraenkel, G. (1980) NMR of Chemically

Exchanging Systems, Academic Press, New York.

Levy, G.  C., Lichter, R.  L., and Nelson, G.  L. (1980) Car-

bon-13 NMR Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., Wiley and

Sons, New York.

Martin, M.  L., Delpuech, J.  J., and Martin, G.  J. (1980)

Practical NMR Spectroscopy, Heyden, London,

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Slichter, C. P. (1980) Principles of Magnetic Resonance,

ed., Springer-Verlag, Inc., Berlin, Heidelberg. 

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1981

Atsarkin, V.  A., Skrotskii, G.  V., Soroko, L.  M., and

Fedin, E.  I. (1981) NMR introscopy, Sov. Phys. Usp.,

24, 841, https://doi.org/10.1070/PU1981v024n10

ABEH004808.

Glinchuk, M. D., and Deigen, M. F. (Eds.). (1981) Electri-

cal Effects in Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy: Elec-

tron Paramagnetic Resonance, Electron- Nuclear

Double Resonance, and Paraelectric Resonance [in

Russian], Nauka, Moscow.

1982

Abragam, A., and Goldman, M. (1982) Nuclear Mag-

netism: Order and Disorder, Clarendon Press, Ox-

ford. 

(trR)

Encyclopedia of the latest studies on magnetic

resonance in solids, in liquid helium-3, etc.

1984

Borovik-Romanov, A.  S., Bun’kov, Y.  M., Dumesh,

B.  S., Kurkin, M.  I., Petrov, M.  P., and Chekmarev,

V.  P. (1984) The spin echo in systems with

a coupled electron-nuclear precession, Sov.

Phys. Usp., 27, 235, https://doi.org/10.1070/

PU1984v027n04ABEH004041.

1985

Aminov, L.  K., and Teplov, M.  A. (1985) Nuclear mag-

netic resonance of rare-earth Van Vleck para-

magnets, Sov. Phys. Usp., 28, 762, https://doi.org/

10.1070/PU1985v028n09ABEH003991.

1987

Derome, A.  E. (1987) Modern NMR Techniques for

Chemistry Research Reprinted., Pergamon Press,

Oxford. 

(trR)

A valuable practical and theoretical guide on

modern high-resolution NMR methods.

Ernst, R.  R., Bodenhausen, G., and Wokaun, A. (1987)

Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in

One and Two Dimensions, Clarendon Press, Ox-

ford. 

(trR)

Encyclopedia of the latest high-resolution NMR

methods in liquids.

1988

Borovik-Romanov, A.  S. (1988) Antiferromagnetic Res-

onance [in Russian], pp. 116-118, Soviet Encyclo-

pedia, Moscow.

Kessenikh, A.  V. (1988) NMR Spectroscopy and Coor-

dination Chemistry of Compounds [in Russian] in

Physical Chemistry. Modern Problems. Yearbook,

pp. 94-138, Khimia, Moscow.

Zel’dovich, Y.  B., Buchachenko, A.  L., and Frankevich,

E.  L. (1988) Magnetic-spin effects in chemis-

try and molecular physics, Sov. Phys. Usp., 31,

385, https://doi.org/10.1070/PU1988v031n05ABEH

003544.

1989

Burshtein, A., and Semenov, N.  D. (1989) Hydrogeolog-

ical NMR-tomograph “HYDROSCOPE,” Science in

the USSR, no. 4, 12-18.

1990

Martin, M.  L., and Martin, G.  J. (1990) Deuterium

NMR in the study of site-specific natural isotope

fractionation (SNIF-NMR) in NMR Basic Princi-

ples and Progress (Fleischer, U., Kutzelnigg, W.,

Limbach, H.-H., Martin, G.  J., Martin, M.  L.,

and Schindler, M., Eds.), 23, pp. 1-61, Springer,

Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/

978-3-642-75932-1_1.

Sergeyev, N.  M. (1990) Isotope Effects on Spin-Spin

Coupling Constants: Experimental Evidence (Berg-

er, S., Van Etten, R.  L., Risley, J.  M., and Sergeyev,

N.  M., Eds.), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin,

Heidelberg.

Zaripov, M.  M. (Ed.). (1990) Radio-frequency spec-

troscopy in condensed media in In Memory of

B.  M.  Kozyrev [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow.

1991

Atsarkin, V.  A. (1991) Spin dynamics of paramagnetic

impurities in solids in Magnetic Resonance Re-

view UK, pp. 1-33, Gordon and Breach Science

Publishers, New York.

Bastiaan, E.  W., and MacLean, C. (1991) Molecu-

lar Orientation in High-Field High-Resolution

NMR (Robert, J.  B., Ed.), Springer, Berlin, Hei-

delberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48814-

6_2.

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1992

Bakharev, O.  N., Dooglav, A.  V., Egorov, A.  V.,

Lütgemeier, H., Rodionova, M.  P., Teplov, M.  A.,

Volodin, A.  G., and Wagener, D. (1992) NMR

studies of singlet-ground-state rare-earth ions in

high-Tc superconductors, Appl. Magn. Reson., 3,

613-640, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03166285.

Ernst, R.  R. (1992) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fou-

rier Transform Spectroscopy (Nobel Lecture),

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 31, 805-823, https://

doi.org/10.1002/anie.199208053.

Faustov, R.  N. (1992) Muonium [in Russian], pp. 225-

226, Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow.

  (*)

Gurevich, A.  G., and Ponomarev, A.  N. (1992) Muon

spin relaxation method [in Russian] in The Phys-

ics Encyclopedia, pp. 226-229, Soviet Encyclope-

dia, Moscow.

  (*)

Ponomarev, L.  I. (1992) Muonic atom [in Russian] in

The Physics Encyclopedia, p. 229, Soviet Encyclo-

pedia, Moscow.

  (*)

Ponomarev, L.  I. (1992) Positronium [in Russian] in

The Physics Encyclopedia, p. 671, Soviet Encyclo-

pedia, Moscow.

  (*)

Roitsin, A.  B. (Ed.). (1992) Radio-frequency spectros-

copy of solids in Transactions of the Academy of

Sciences of Ukraine. In memory of M. F. Deigen

[in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev.

M.  F.  Deigen’s portrayal and biography.

1993

Rinck, P.  A. (Ed.). (1993) Magnetic Resonance in

Medicine: The Basic Textbook of the European

Magnetic Resonance Forum 3rd ed., Blackwell

Science Ltd, Oxford. 

(trR, E.  I.  Fedin,  tr., U  Eichhoff and

V.  E.  Sinitsyn,  eds.)

Grechishkin, V.  S., and Sinyavskii, N.  Ya. (1993) Re-

mote nuclear quadrupole resonance in solids,

Physics-Uspekhi, 36, 980-1003

1994

Brinkmann, D., and Mali, M. (1994) NMR-NQR studies

of high-temperature superconductors in Solid-

State NMR II (Blümich,  B., Ed.), pp. 171-211,

Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

1996

Atsarkin, V.  A. (1996) Spin temperature [in Russian],

p. 633, Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow. 

(*)

Berthier, C., Julien, M.  H., Horvatić, M., and Berthier,  Y.

(1996) NMR studies of the normal state of

high temperature superconductors, J. Phys. I

France, 6, 2205-2236, https://doi.org/10.1051/

jp1:1996209.

Bertini, I., and Luchinat, C. (1996) NMR of paramag-

netic molecules, Coord. Chem. Rev., 150, 1-292,

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8545(96)90403-8.

Dybowski, C., and Bruch, M.  D. (1996) Nuclear mag-

netic resonance spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 68,

161-168, https://doi.org/10.1021/a1960007h.

Goldman, M. (1996) Low spin temperature NMR in

Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,

Vol. 5, pp. 2857-2867, John Wiley & Sons, Chich-

ester.

Grant, D.  M., and Harris, R.  K. (Eds.). (1996) Encyclo-

pedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 1-8,

John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Listed in I. Historical Studies and Materials (Histo-

riography) as well.

Grechishkin, V.  S., and Shpilevoi, A.  A. (1996) In-

direct methods for studying nuclear quadru-

pole interactions in solids, Physics-Uspekhi, 39,

713-725

Man, P.  P. (1996) Quadrupolar interactions in Encyclo-

pedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 6, pp.

3838-3848, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Peters, J.  A., Huskens, J., and Raber, D.  J. (1996) Lan-

thanide induced shifts and relaxation rate en-

hancements, Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Res-

onance Spectroscopy, 28, 283-350, https://doi.org/

10.1016/0079-6565(95)01026-2.

Wüthrich, K. (1996) Biological macromolecules struc-

ture determination in solution in Encyclopedia of

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 2, pp. 932-939,

John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

1997

Freeman, R., and Freeman, R. (1997) Spin Choreogra-

phy: Basic Steps in High Resolution NMR, Spek-

trum, Oxford.

Grechishkin, V.  S., and Sinyavskii, S.  Ya. (1997) New

technologies: nuclear quadrupole resonance as

an explosive and narcotic detection technique,

Physics-Uspekhi, 40, 393-406

Hoff, A.  J., and Deisenhofer, J. (1997) Photophysics of

photosynthesis. Structure and spectroscopy of

reaction centers of purple bacteria, Phys. Rep.,

287, 1-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(97)

00004-5.

1998

Doreleijers, J.  F., Rullmann, J.  A.  C., and Kaptein,  R.

(1998) Quality assessment of NMR structures:

a statistical survey, J. Mol. Biol., 281, 149-164,

https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1998.1808.

Gurevich, A.  G. (1998) Ferrimagnetic resonance [in

Russian] in The Physics Encyclopedia, pp. 290-

292, Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow.

Gurevich, A.  G. (1998) Ferromagnetic resonance [in

Russian] in The Physics Encyclopedia, pp. 306-

310, Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow.

Greenberg, Ya.  S. (1998) Application of superconduct-

ing quantum interference devices to nuclear

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magnetic resonance, Rev. Mod. Phys., 70, 175-222,

https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.175.

Rigamonti, A., Borsa, F., and Carretta, P. (1998) Ba-

sic aspects and main results of NMR-NQR spec-

troscopies in high-temperature superconductors,

Rep. Prog. Phys., 61, 1367-1439, https://doi.org/

10.1088/0034-4885/61/10/002.

2001

Valiev, K.  A., and Kokin, A.  A. (2001) Chapter 4:

Liquid NMR quantum computers in Quantum

Computers: Hopes and Reality [in Russian],

pp. 121-227, Regular and Chaotic Dynamics,

Izhevsk.

Valiev, K.  A., and Kokin, A.  A. (2001) Chapter 5:

Solid state quantum computers in Quantum

Computers: Hopes and Reality [in Russian],

pp. 228-285, Regular and Chaotic Dynamics,

Izhevsk.

Ziese, M., and Thornton, M.  J. (Eds.). (2001) Spin

Electronics, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,

https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45258-3.

2002

Shahkhatuni, A.  A., and Shahkhatuni, A.  G. (2002)

Determination of the three-dimensional struc-

ture for weakly aligned biomolecules by NMR

spectroscopy, Russ. Chem. Rev., 71, 1005, https://

doi.org/10.1070/RC2002v071n12ABEH000757.

2004

Morgunov,  R.  B. (2004) Spin micromechanics in

the physics of plasticity, Physics-Uspekhi, 47,

125-147

Lauterbur, P.  C. (2004) All science is interdisciplin-

ary-from magnetic moments to molecules to men,

Biosci. Rep., 24, 165-178, https://doi.org/10.1007/

s10540-005-2578-1. 

(trR)

2003 Nobel Lecture by one of the founders of

magnetic resonance tomography.

Suter, A. (2004) The magnetic resonance force micro-

scope, Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spectroscopy, 45, 239-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.pnmrs.2004.06.001.

2005

Anisimov, N. V., Gubsky, L. V., Gladun, V. V., and Pirogov,

Y. A. (Eds.). (2005) Contrast Management and In-

formation Technology in Magnetic Resonance

Tomography: On the Occasion of the 250th Anni-

versary of Moscow University [in Russian], MSU

Faculty ofPhysics, Moscow.

Alekseev, A.  D., Ul’yanova, E.  V., and Vasilenko, T.  A.

(2005) NMR potentials for studying physical pro-

cesses in fossil coals, Physics-Uspekhi, 48, 1161-

1175.

Krushel’nitckii, A.  G. (2005) Exchange NMR spec-

troscopy in solids: application in large-scale

conformational biopolymer dynamics studies,

Physics-Uspekhi, 48, 781-796.

2006

Berman, G.  P., Borgonovi, F., Gorshkov, V.  N., and Tsi-

frinovich, V.  I. (2006) Magnetic Resonance Force

Microscopy and a Single-Spin Measurement,

World Scientific, https://doi.org/10.1142/6051.

2007

Lundin, A.  G., and Zorin, V.  E. (2007) Nuclear mag-

netic resonance in condensed matter, Phys.-Usp.,

50, 1053, https://doi.org/10.1070/PU2007v050n

10ABEH006308.

2014

Kravchenko, E., Kuznetsov, N., and Novotortsev, V.

(2014) Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance in Coordi-

nation Compounds, Krasand, Moscow.

III. REFERENCE MATERIAL

ON THE INTERNET

Web  site: “The official website of the Nobel Prize”:

https://www.nobelprize.org/

Web  site: “Nobel prize winners archive”: http://www.

almaz.com/nobel/

Web  site: “Groupement AMPERE”: https://www.ampere-

society.org/

Web  site: “ISMAR” (International Society of Magnetic

Resonance): http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ISMAR/

Web  site: “IES” (the International EPR (ESR) Society):

http://www.ieprs.org/

Web  site: International Society for Magnetic Reso-

nance in Medicine: https://www.ismrm.org/

Web  site: NMR monographs. Collection of References

edited by Stanislav Sýkora: http://www.ebyte.it/

library/refs/Refs_NMR_Books.html, https://doi.org/

10.3247/SL1Refs05.003.

Journals’ official web sites:

Web  site: EUROMAR: http://www.euromar.org/about.

html

Web  site: European Federation of EPR groups (EFEPR):

http://efepr.uantwerpen.be/efepr/

Web  site: The Journal of Magnetic Resonance (the of-

ficial journal of the ISMAR) https://www.journals.

elsevier.com/journal-of-magnetic-resonance

Web  site: Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance:

https://www.journals.elsevier.com/solid-state-

nuclear-magnetic-resonance

Web site: Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Spectroscopy: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS500

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

progress-in-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spec

troscopy

Web  site: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(the official journal of the International Society

for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine): https://on-

linelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15222586

Web  site: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (the official

journal of the International Society for Magnetic

Resonance in Medicine): https://onlinelibrary.

wiley.com/journal/15222594

Web  site: Journal of Biomolecular NMR: https://link.

springer.com/journal/10858

Web  site: Applied Magnetic Resonance: https://link.

springer.com/journal/723

Web  site: Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics,

Biology and Medicine: https://link.springer.com/

journal/10334

Web  site: http://www.euromar.com/

IV. ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERS

IV.1. BEFORE 1944:

MAGNETIC RESONANCE

FOUNDATIONAL WORKS

1897

Larmor, J. (1897) The influence of a magnetic

field on radiation frequency, Proc. R. Soc.

Lond., 60, 514-515, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.

1896.0080.

Larmor’s theorem, Larmor precession.

Zeeman, P. (1897) On the influence of magnetism on

the nature of the light emitted by a substance,

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophi-

cal Magazine and Journal of Science, 43, 226-239,

https://doi.org/10.1080/14786449708620985.

The Zeeman effect, splitting of optical lines in a

magnetic field.

1921

Landé, A. (1921) Über den anomalen Zeemaneffekt

(Teil I) [in German], Zeitschrift für Physik, 5, 231-

241, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01335014.

Landé, A. (1921) Über den anomalen Zeemaneflekt (II.

Teil) [in German], Zeitschrift für Physik, 7, 398-

405, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01332807.

1922

Einstein, A., and Ehrenfest, P. (1922) Quantenthe-

oretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von

Stern und Gerlach [in German], Zeitschrift

für Physik, 11, 31-34, https://doi.org/10.1007/

BF01328398. 

(trR)

The idea of magnetic resonance existence pro-

posed for the first time.

Gerlach, W., and Stern, O. (1922) Der experimentelle

Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Sil-

beratoms [in German], Zeitschrift für Physik, 8,

110-111, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01329580.

1923

Landé, A. (1923) Termstruktur und Zeemaneffekt der

Multipletts [in German], Zeitschrift für Physik,

15, 189-205, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01330473.

1924

Pauli, W. (1924) Zur Frage der theoretischen Deu-

tung der Satelliten einiger Spektrallinien und

ihrer Beeinflussung durch magnetische Felder

[in German], Naturwissenschaften, 12, 741-743,

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01504828.

The idea of some nuclei having a magnetic mo-

ment presented.

1925

Hund, F. (1925) Zur Deutung verwickelter Spektren,

insbesondere der Elemente Scandium bis Nickel

[in German], Z. Physik, 33, 345-371, https://

doi.org/10.1007/BF01328319.

1926

Uhlenbeck, G.  E., and Goudsmit, S. (1926) Spin-

ning electrons and the structure of spectra,

Nature, 117, 264-265, https://doi.org/10.1038/

117264a0.

Hypothesis of the existence of electron spin jus-

tified.

1927

Dennison, D.  M., and Fowler, R.  H. (1927) A note on

the specific heat of the hydrogen molecule, Proc.

R. Soc. Lond. A, 115, 483-486, https://doi.org/

10.1098/rspa.1927.0105.

The role of nuclear spins in the statistical me-

chanics of molecules.

Hund, F. (1927) Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren.

II [in German], Z. Physik, 42, 93-120, https://

doi.org/10.1007/BF01397124.

Pauli, W. (1927) Zur Quantenmechanik des magne-

tischen Elektrons [in German], Z. Physik, 43,

601-623, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397326.

Pauli’s famous equations.

1929

Bethe, H. (1929) Termaufspaltung in Kristallen

[in German], Ann. Phys., 395, 133-208, https://

doi.org/10.1002/andp.19293950202.

Kramers, H.  A. (1929) La rotation paramagnétique

du plan de polarisation dans les cristaux uniax-

es de terres rares, Proceedings of the Section of

Sciences, 32, 1176-1189.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S501

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

1930

Dorfiman, J. (1930) Zur Frage über die magnetischen

Momente der Atomkerne [in German], Z. Physik,

62, 90-94, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01340406.

Relies on the erroneous hypothesis that nuclear

structure includes electrons.

Fermi, E. (1930) Über die magnetischen Momente der

Atomkerne [in German], Z. Physik, 60, 320-333,

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01339933.

The theory of hyperfine (contact) electron-nucle-

ar spin-spin interaction.

Kramers, H.  A. (1930) Théorie Générale de la Rotation

Paramagnétique dans les Cristaux, Proc. Amst.

Acad., 33, 959-972

Weisskopf, V., and Wigner, E. (1930) Über die natürli-

che Linienbreite in der Strahlung des harmon-

ischen Oszillators [in German], Z. Physik, 65,

18-29, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01397406. 

(+)

General theory of the linewidths at radiation

emission.

1932

Van  Vleck, J.  H. (1932) Theory of the variations in

paramagnetic anisotropy among different salts

of the iron group, Phys. Rev., 41, 208-215, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.41.208.

Waller, I. (1932) Über die Magnetisierung von para-

magnetischen Kristallen in Wechselfeldern [in

German], Z. Physik, 79, 370-388, https://doi.org/

10.1007/BF01349398.

1933

Estermann, I., and Stern, O. (1933) Über die mag-

netische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen

und das magnetische Moment des Protons. II,

Z. Physik, 85, 17-24, https://doi.org/10.1007/

BF01330774.

One of the two papers that won O. Stern the No-

bel Prize for the discovery of the magnetic mo-

ment of the proton.

Frisch, R., and Stern, O. (1933) Über die magnetische

Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das

magnetische Moment des Protons. I, Zeitschrift

für Physik, 85, 4-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/

BF01330773.

One of the two papers that won O. Stern the No-

bel Prize for the discovery of the magnetic mo-

ment of the proton.

1934

Landé, A. (1934) Nuclear magnetic moments and

their origin, Phys. Rev., 46, 477-480, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.46.477.

Tamm, I.  E., and Altshuler, S.  A. (1934) Magnetic mo-

ment of the neutron [in Russian], Dokl. Akad.

Nauk SSSR, 1, 455-460. 

(+)

The backbone of the theory is the comparison

between deuteron and proton magnetic moments

and mass.

1935

Dorfiman, J. (1935) Magnetic properties and nuclear

magnetic [in German], Physikalische Zeitschrift

der Sowjetunion, 7, 126-127.

Landau, L.  D., and Lifschitz, E.  M. (1935) On the The-

ory of the Dispersion of Magnetic Permeability

in Ferromagnetic Bodies [in German: Zur Theo-

rie der Dispersion der magnetische Permeabilität

der ferromagnetische Körpern ], Physikalische

Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 8, 153-166. 

(trR)

1936

Gorter, C.  J. (1936) Paramagnetic relaxation in a

transversal magnetic field [in French], Physica,

3, 1006-1008, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914

(36)80326-7.

Heitler, W., and Teller, E. (1936) Time effects in

the magnetic cooling method-I, Proc. R. Soc.

Lond.A, 155, 629-639, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.

1936.0124.

Calculation of the relaxation time of the nuclear

magnetic moment in diamagnetic crystals abso-

lutely free from paramagnetic impurities and in

the absence of diffusion processes proved that

observation of NMR in such “sterile” conditions

is practically impossible.

1937

Jahn, H.  A., and Teller, E. (1937) Stability of polyatom-

ic molecules in degenerate electronic states -

I–Orbital degeneracy, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A,

161, 220-235, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.

0142.

Lasarew, B.  G., and Schubnikow, L.  W. (1937) Das

Magnetische Moment des Protons [in German],

Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 11,

445-457.

Direct measurement of the magnetic moment of

solid hydrogen.

Rabi, I.  I. (1937) Space Quantization in a Gyrating

Magnetic Field, Phys. Rev., 51, 652-654, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.51.652.

(S.  S.) Magnetic resonance in molecular beams

proposed to measure angular moments.

1938

Casimir, H.  B.  G., and du Pré, F.  K. (1938) Note on

the thermodynamic interpretation of paramag-

netic relaxation phenomena, Physica, 5, 507-511,

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80164-6.

Kronig, R. de L. (1938) On the theory of absorption

and dispersion in paramagnetic crystals under

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS502

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

alternating magnetic fields, Physica, 5, 65-80,

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80110-5. 

(+)

On the theory of absorption and dispersion in

paramagnetic and dielectric media.

Kronig, R. de L., and Bouwkamp, C.  J. (1938) On the

time of relaxation due to spin-spin interaction

in paramagnetic crystals, Physica, 5, 521-528,

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80166-X.

1939

Casimir, H.  B.  G. (1939) On the equilibrium between

spin and lattice, Physica, 6, 156-160, https://

doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(39)80006-4.

Casimir, H.  B.  G., de Haas, W.  J., and de Klerk, D.

(1939) A new method for determining specif-

ic heats at extremely low temperatures, Physi-

ca, 6, 255-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914

(39)90796-2.

1940

Bloch, F., and Siegert, A. (1940) Magnetic Resonance

for Nonrotating Fields, Phys. Rev., 57, 522-527,

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.57.522.

At the core of the paper lies the representation

of a linearly polarized magnetic field as a sum

of two fields rotating in opposite directions. The

resonance frequency shift phenomenon (the

Bloch-Siegert shift) is introduced.

1941

Van Vleck, J.  H. (1941) Paramagnetic Relaxation and

the Equilibrium of Lattice Oscillators, Phys.

Rev., 59, 724-729, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.

59.724.

IV.2. BEFORE 1944:

STUDIES ON MAGNETIC AND FERROMAGNETIC

ABSORPTION AND DISPERSION,

AND OTHER MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS

ON SUBSTANCES (MAGNETIC DISPERSION)

1913

Arkadiev, V.  K. (1913) The theory of electromagnetic

field in ferromagnetic metals [in Russian], Jour-

nal of Russian Physical and Chemical Society,

45, 312-345

German translation published in 1919, in

Arkadiew,W. (1919) Über die Absorption elektro-

magnetischer Wellen an zwei parallelen Drähten,

Ann. Phys., 363, 105-138, https://doi.org/10.1002/

andp.19193630202.

1919

Arkadiew, W. (1919) Über die Absorption elektromag-

netischer Wellen an zwei parallelen Drähten,

Ann. Phys., 363, 105-138, https://doi.org/10.1002/

andp.19193630202.

Originally published in Russian, in 1913, in

Arkadiev, V.  K. (1913) The theory of electromag-

netic field in ferromagnetic metals [in Russian],

Journal of Russian Physical and Chemical Society,

45, 312-345.

1921

Gans, R. (1921) Die Permeabilität des Nickels für

kurze Hertzsche Wellen und die Messungen von

Arkadiew, Annalen der Physik, 369, 250-252,

https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19213690303.

Gans, R., and Loyarte, R.  G. (1921) Die Permeabil-

ität des Nickels für schnelle elektrische Schwi-

ngungen, Ann. Phys., 369, 209-249, https://

doi.org/10.1002/andp.19213690302.

1923

Dorfmann, J. (1923) Einige Bemerkungen zur Kennt-

nis des Mechanismus magnetischer Erscheinun-

gen [in German], Z. Physik, 17, 98-111, https://

doi.org/10.1007/BF01328670.

For a long time had been considered by the

author and by some of Soviet historians of sci-

ence a theoretical prediction (discovery) of mag-

netic resonance (photomagnetic effect). De facto,

the paper offers a rough interpretation of the

works by V.  K.  Arkadiev and R.  Loyarte, on the

grounds of magnetic resonance phenomenon

prediction made by A.  Einstein and P.  Ehrenfest

[IV.  A.  Einstein 1922].

1932

Zavoisky, E.  K., and Vinnik, P.  M. (1932) Apparatus for

the Reception and Detection of Electrical Oscil-

lations # 99471, USSR Author’s Certificate 28546,

filed 1931, issued in 1932 [in Russian]. 

(b)

1936

Gorter, C.  J. (1936) Negative result of an attempt

to detect nuclear magnetic spins [in French],

Physica, 3, 995-998, https://doi.org/10.1016/

S0031-8914(36)80324-3.

A failed attempt at observing NMR, with the use

of the calorimetric method.

Gorter, C.  J. (1936) Paramagnetic relaxation in a

transversal magnetic field, Physica, 3, 1006-

1008, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(36)

80326-7.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1936) Method for measuring atom-

ic and molecular excitation potentials, J. Exp.

Theor. Phys., 6, 37-51. 

(b)

Zavoisky, E.  K., Kozyrev, B.  M., and Salikhov, S.  G.

(1936) Measurements of high-frequency weak

electric field absorption in some substances,

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S503

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

according to field strength [in Russian], Dokl.

Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1, 214-216. 

(b)

Wrong interpretation of resulting measurements

in this paper gave grounds for M.  A.  Leontovich

to doubt, eight years later, Zavoisky’s discovery

of EPR.

1939

De Haas, W.  J., and Du Pre, F.  K. (1939) Paramagnet-

ic relaxation in gadolinium sulphate, Physica,

6, 705-716, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914

(39)90073-X.

1942

Gorter, C.  J., and Broer, L.  J.  F. (1942) Negative re-

sult of an attempt to observe nuclear magnetic

resonance in solids, Physica, 9, 591-596, https://

doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(42)80073-7.

A failed attempt at observing NMR with the use

of the marginal oscillator method.

1943

Broer, L.  J.  F., Dijkstra, L.  J., and Gorter, C.  J. (1943)

Paramagnetic relaxation in two hydrated nickel

salts, Physica, 10, 324-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/

S0031-8914(43)90018-7.

Dijkstra, L.  J., Gorter, C.  J., and Volger, J. (1943) Fur-

ther researches on paramagnetic absorption

in iron ammonium alum, Physica, 10, 337-347,

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(43)90020-5.

IV.3. BEFORE 1944 AND BEYOND:

MAGNETIC RESONANCE

IN MOLECULAR BEAMS

1938

Rabi, I.  I., Zacharias, J.  R., Millman, S., and Kusch, P.

(1938) A new method of measuring nuclear magnet-

ic moment, Phys. Rev., 53, 318-318, https://doi.org/

10.1103/PhysRev.53.318.

Nuclear magnetic resonance detected in molecular

beams, for the first time.

Rabi, I.  I., Millman, S., Kusch, P., and Zacharias,

J.  R. (1938) The magnetic moments of

and

, Phys. Rev., 53, 495, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.53.495.

1939

Rabi, I.  I., Millman, S., Kusch, P., and Zacharias, J.  R.

(1939) The molecular beam resonance meth-

od for measuring nuclear magnetic moments.

the magnetic moments of

and

Phys. Rev., 55, 526-535, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.55.526.

1940

Alvarez, L.  W., and Bloch, F. (1940) A quantitative

determination of the neutron moment in abso-

lute nuclear magnetons, Phys. Rev., 57, 111-122,

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.57.111.

Magnetic resonance in a neutron beam.

Kush, P., Millman, S., and Rabi, I.  I. (1940) Radiof-

requency spectra of atoms. Minutes of the Co-

lumbus, Ohio, Meeting, December 28-30, 1939,

Phys. Rev., 57, 344-361, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.57.344.

EPR study of alkali metal atoms in atomic beams.

Kusch, P., Millman, S., and Rabi, I.  I. (1940) The ra-

diofrequency spectra of atoms hyperfine struc-

ture and Zeeman effect in the ground state of

, Li

, K

and K

, Phys. Rev., 57, 765-780,

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.57.765.

EPR study of alkali metal atoms in atomic beams.

Kellogg, J. M. B., Rabi, I. I., Ramsey, N. F., and Zacharias,

J. R. (1940) An electrical quadrupole moment of

the deuteron the radiofrequency spectra of HD

and D

molecules in a magnetic field, Phys. Rev.,

57, 677-695, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.57.677.

EPR study of alkali metal atoms in atomic beams.

Kusch, P., and Millman, S. (1940) On the radiofrequen-

cy spectra of sodium, rubidium and caesium,

Phys. Rev., 58, 438-445, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.58.438.

EPR study of alkali metal atoms in atomic beams.

1947

Nierenberg, W.  A., and Ramsey, N.  F. (1947) The ra-

diofrequency spectra of the sodium halides,

Phys. Rev., 72, 1075-1089, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.72.1075.

1948

Bardeen, J., and Townes, C. H. (1948) Calculation of nu-

clear quadrupole effects in molecules, Phys. Rev.,

73, 97-105, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.73.97.

(S.  S.) Done for molecular beam experiments, this

paper very accurately handles NQR effects.

1949

Kusch, P., and Mann, A.  K. (1949) A precision mea-

surement of the ratio of the nuclear g-values

of Li

and Li

, Phys. Rev., 76, 707-709, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.76.707.

Taub, H., and Kusch, P. (1949) The magnetic moment

of the proton, Phys. Rev., 75, 1481-1492, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.75.1481.

1956

Ramsey, N.  F. (1956) Molecular Beams, Oxford Univer-

sity Press, Oxford. 

(+)

Listed in II. Monographs and Overviews as well.

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS504

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

IV.4. AFTER 1944:

MAGNETIC RESONANCE

AND MAGNETIC RELAXATION

IN CONDENSED MATTER

1944

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1944) The paramagnetic absorption

of a solution in parallel fields, J. Phys. USSR, 8,

337-380

Zavoisky, E.  K., and Altshuler, S.  A. (1944) A new

method for the study of paramagnetic absorption

[in Russian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 14, 407-409.

In particular, Zavoisky reports observing EPR,

recognizing the role of his colleagues he per-

formed the experiment with.

1945

Frenkel, Y. I. (1945) Concerning the theory of re-

laxation losses due to magnetic resonance in

solids [in Russian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 15,

409-416. 

(histR)

Does not specify the EPR line broadening mech-

anisms, phenomenologically implying their dissi-

pative nature.

Van Vleck, J.  H., and Weisskopf, V.  F. (1945) On

the shape of collision-broadened lines, Rev.

Mod. Phys., 17, 227-236, https://doi.org/10.1103/

RevModPhys.17.227. 

(+)

Concerning the theory of spectral line shapes

broadened due to dissipation mechanisms.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1945) Paramagnetic relaxation of

liquid solution for perpendicular fields, J. Phys.

USSR, 9, 211-216.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1945) Spin magnetic resonance in

paramagnetics, J. Phys. USSR, 9, 245.

The article firmly establishes Zavoisky’s priority

in the discovery of EPR.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1945) On the absence of anisotropy

for spin-magnetic resonance, J. Phys. USSR, 9,

447-448.

The conclusion applies only to dense paramag-

nets investigated in earlier papers.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1945) Paramagnetic absorption in

solutions under parallel fields [in Russian],

J.Exp. Theor. Phys., 15, 253-257. 

(b)

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1945) Paramagnetic relaxation in liq-

uid solutions under perpendicular fields [in Rus-

sian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 15, 344-350.

1946

Bloch, F., Hansen, W.  W., and Packard, M. (1946) Nu-

clear induction, Phys. Rev., 69, 127-127, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.69.127.

Discovery of proton NMR in aqueous solutions of

paramagnetic substances. The paper was submit-

ted to the editorial office after the similar work

by Purcell.

Bloch, F. (1946) Nuclear induction, Phys. Rev., 70,

460-474, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.460.

Bloch equations are suggested for describing NMR.

Bloch, F., Hansen, W.  W., and Packard, M. (1946) The

nuclear induction experiment, Phys. Rev., 70,

474-485, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.474.

Cummerow, R.  L., and Halliday, D. (1946) Paramagnet-

ic losses in two manganous salts, Phys. Rev., 70,

433-433, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.433.

The first work on EPR in the West. Refers to

Zavoisky’s discovery of EPR.

Fröhlich, H. (1946) Shape of collision-broadened spec-

tral lines, Nature, 157, 478-478, https://doi.org/

10.1038/157478a0. 

(+)

General theory of the dissipation mechanism of

spectral line broadening.

Griffiths, J.  H.  E. (1946) Anomalous high-frequency

resistance of ferromagnetic metals, Nature, 158,

670-671, https://doi.org/10.1038/158670a0. 

trR,

S.  V.  Vonsovsky, ed.)

Ferromagnetic resonance observed independent-

ly of E.  K. Zavoisky.

Pound, R.  V., Purcell, E.  M., and Torrey, H.  C. (1946)

Measurements of magnetic resonance absorption

by nuclear moments in solids. Proceedings of the

American Physical Society, Phys. Rev., 69, 681,

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.69.674.2.

(S.  S.) Comm. to the Am. Phys. Soc.

Purcell, E.  M. (1946) Spontaneous emission proba-

bilities at radio frequencies. Proceedings of the

American Physical Society, Phys. Rev., 69, 681,

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.69.674.2.

(S.  S.) Comm. to the Am. Phys. Soc. First estimate

of radiation damping.

Purcell, E.  M., Torrey, H.  C., and Pound, R.  V. (1946)

Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic mo-

ments in a solid, Phys. Rev., 69, 37-38, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.69.37.

The earliest paper on NMR observed in con-

densed matter (paraffin).

Purcell, E.  M., Bloembergen, N., and Pound, R.  V.

(1946) Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic

moments in a single crystal of CaF2, Phys. Rev.,

70, 988-988, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.988.

(S.  S.) Observation and theory of orientation de-

pendence in solids.

Purcell, E.  M., Pound, R.  V., and Bloembergen, N.

(1946) Nuclear magnetic resonance absorption

in hydrogen gas, Phys. Rev., 70, 986-987, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.986.

Rollin, B.  V. (1946) Nuclear magnetic resonance and

spin lattice equilibrium, Nature, 158, 669-670,

https://doi.org/10.1038/158669a0.

(S.  S.) CaF

. Clarendon lab. Oxford.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY S505

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Torrey, H.  C. (1946) Theory of magnetic resonance ab-

sorption by nuclear moments in solids. Proceed-

ings of the American Physical Society, Phys. Rev.,

69, 680.

(S.  S.) Comm. to the Am. Phys. Soc.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1946) Paramagnetic absorption in

some salts in perpendicular magnetic fields, J.

Phys. USSR, 10, 170-173.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1946) Paramagnetic absorption in

some salts in perpendicular magnetic fields [in

Russian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 16, 603-606.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1946) Spin-magnetic resonance in the

decimeter wave region, J. Phys. USSR, 10, 197-

198.

Performed at the Institute of Physical Problems,

assisted by A.  I. Shalnikov.

1947

Altshuler, S.  A., Zavoisky, E.  K., and Kozyrev, B.  M.

(1947) Concerning the theory of paramagnetic

relaxation in a perpendicular magnetic field [in

Russian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 17, 1122-1123.

Anderson, H.  L., and Novick, A. (1947) Magnetic mo-

ment of the triton, Phys. Rev., 71, 372-373, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.71.372.2.

Bloch, F., Graves, A.  C., Packard, M., and Spence, R.  W.

(1947) Spin and magnetic moment of tritium,

Phys. Rev., 71, 373-374, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.71.373.

Bloch, F., Levinthal, E.  C., and Packard, M.  E. (1947)

Relative nuclear moments of H

and H

, Phys.

Rev., 72, 1125-1126, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.72.1125.2.

Cummerow, R.  L., Halliday, D., and Moore, G.  E. (1947)

Paramagnetic resonance absorption in salts of

the iron group, Phys. Rev., 72, 1233-1240, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.72.1233.

Gorter, C.  J., and van Vleck, J.  H. (1947) The role of

exchange interaction in paramagnetic absorption,

Phys. Rev., 72, 1128-1129, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.72.1128.2.

Van Vleck helped Gorter find out the reason why

Zavoisky failed to observe EPR in dense paramag-

netic substances. The role of electron exchange

interactions is taken into account.

Kittel, C. (1947) Interpretation of anomalous larmor fre-

quencies in ferromagnetic resonance experiment,

Phys. Rev., 71, 270-271, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.71.270.2. 

(trR, S.  V.  Vonsovsky,  ed.)

Kozyrev, B.  M., and Salikhov, S.  G. (1947) Paramagnet-

ic relaxation in pentamethylcyclopentadiene [in

Russian], Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 58, 1023-1025.

EPR hyperfine structure first observed.

Pound, R.  V. (1947) Radiofrequency spectrometer for

the detection of resonance absorption by nucle-

ar moments. Minutes of the Meeting at Montreal,

June 19-21, 1947, Phys. Rev., 72, 527, https://doi.org/

10.1103/PhysRev.72.523.

Am. Phys. Soc. 19-21 June 1947.

Roberts, A. (1947) Two new methods for detect-

ing nuclear radiofrequency resonance absorp-

tion, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 18, 845-848, https://

doi.org/10.1063/1.1740859.

Roberts, A. (1947) The magnetic moment of the deuter-

on, Phys. Rev., 72, 979-979, https://doi.org/10.1103/

PhysRev.72.979.

(S.  S.) First observation of “wiggles” he coined

the term). The term “wiggles” is introduced for

NMR spectrometer oscillations after a quick mag-

netic resonance event.

Vladimirskii, K.  V. (1947) Concerning oscillation phe-

nomena in nuclear paramagnetism [in Russian],

Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 58, 1625-1628. 

(histR)

The first paper on NMR in the Soviet Union.

Yager, W.  A., and Bozorth, R.  M. (1947) Ferromagnetic

resonance at microwave frequencies, Phys. Rev.,

72, 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.72.80.

(trR, S.  V. Vonsovsky, ed.)

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1947) Decimeter-wave measurements

of the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic

compounds, J. Phys. USSR, 11, 184-189.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1947) Spin magnetic resonance in

ferromagnets at centimeter wavelengths [in Rus-

sian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 17, 883-888.

Ferromagnetic resonance observed, independent-

ly of J.  H.  E. Griffiths.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1947) Measurement of magnetic sus-

ceptibility of a paramagnet at decimeter wave-

lengths [in Russian], J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 17,

155-161.

Zavoisky, E.  K. (1947) Measurement of nuclear mag-

netic and mechanical moments in solids [in Rus-

sian], Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 57, 887-888.

1948

Bagguley, D.  M.  S., Bleaney, B., Griffiths, J.  H.  E.,

Penrose, R.  P., and Plumpton, B.  I. (1948) Para-

magnetic resonance in salts of the iron group -

a preliminary survey: I. Theoretical discussion,

Proc. Phys. Soc., 61, 542, https://doi.org/10.1088/

0959-5309/61/6/311.

Bagguley, D.  M.  S., Bleaney, B., Griffiths, J.  H.  E.,

Penrose, R.  P., and Plumpton, B.  I. (1948) Para-

magnetic resonance in salts of the iron group -

a preliminary survey: II. Experimental results,

Proc. Phys. Soc., 61, 551, https://doi.org/10.1088/

0959-5309/61/6/312.

Birks, J.  B. (1948) The measurement of the permea-

bility of low-conductivity ferromagnetic materials

at centimetre wavelengths, Proc. Phys. Soc., 60,

282, https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-5309/60/3/307. 

(*)

(trR, S.  V.  Vonsovsky,  ed.)

KESSENIKH, PTUSHENKOS506

BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Birks, J.  B. (1948) Natural and induced ferromag-

netic resonance, Phys. Rev., 74, 988-988, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.74.988. 

(trR, S.  V. Vonsovsky, ed.)

Bleaney, B., and Penrose, R.  P. (1948) Paramagnetic

resonance at low temperatures in chromic

alum, Proc. Phys. Soc., 60, 395, https://doi.org/

10.1088/0959-5309/60/4/110.

Bloch, F., Nicodemus, D., and Staub, H.  H. (1948)

A quantitative determination of the magnet-

ic moment of the neutron in units of the pro-

ton moment, Phys. Rev., 74, 1025-1045, https://

doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.74.1025. 

(+)

Bloembergen, N., Purcell, E.  M., and Pound, R.  V.

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(S.  S.) Introduction of the BPP relaxation formula,

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Gutowsky, H.  S., and Pake, G.  E. (1948) Nuclear mag-

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(S.  S.) Line narrowing due to internal motions in

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Karplus, R. (1948) Frequency modulation in micro-

wave spectroscopy, Phys. Rev., 73, 1027-1034,

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(+)

Karplus, R., and Schwinger, J. (1948) A note on

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Rev.73.1020. 

(+)

Kittel, C. (1948) On the theory of ferromagnetic reso-

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Packard, M.  E. (1948) A proton‐controlled magnetic

field regulator, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 19, 435-439,

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(S.  S.) First NMR lock. Field/frequency ratio stabi-

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Pake, G.  E. (1948) Nuclear resonance absorption in

hydrated crystals: fine structure of the proton

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Pake doublet discovered, a lineshape that arises

from dipolar coupling between two spin-1/2 pro-

tons of H2O hydrated molecule in rigid crystal

lattice.

(S.  S.) First applications in chemical physics.

Introduction of the famous Pake doublet.

Pake, G.  E., and Gutowsky, H.  S. (1948) Nuclear relax-

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Pake, G.  E., and Purcell, E.  M. (1948) Line shapes in

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Lorentz and Gauss functions depending on mo-

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Rollin, B.  V., and Hatton, J. (1948) Nuclear paramagne-

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F in CaF

Van Vleck, J.  H. (1948) The dipolar broadening of

magnetic resonance lines in crystals, Phys. Rev.,

74, 1168-1183, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.

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Whitmer, C.  A., Weidner, R.  T., Hsiang, J.  S., and Weiss,

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chrome alums, Phys. Rev., 74, 1478-1484, https://

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1949

Anderson, H.  L. (1949) Precise measurement of the

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Broersma, S. (1949) The magnetic susceptibility of

organic compounds, The Journal of Chemical

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1747080. 

(+)

(S.  S.) This is not NMR but the pertinence was ev-

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Brown, W. F. (1949) Crystal interactions in ferromag-

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NQR of CI isotopes reported.

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The paper opens up a series of NMR studies us-

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BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow) Vol. 90 Suppl. 2 2025

Arnold, J.  T., and Packard, M.  E. (1951) Variations in

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Fessenden was given the International Zavoisky

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The theory of chemically induced nuclear polar-

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2614(71)80239-7.

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motion in spin-labeled phospholipids and mem-

branes, J.  Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 314-326, https://

doi.org/10.1021/ja00731a005.

Hubbell was given the International Zavoisky

Award for the development and applications of

the method of targeted spin labeling.

Mefed, A.  E., and Rodak, M.  I. (1971) Experimental in-

vestigation of manifestations of the nuclear spin-

spin reservoir in NMR, Soviet Physics JETP, 32,

220-225.

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Mefed, A.  E., and Rodak, M.  I. (1970) Experimen-

tal investigation of manifestations of the nuclear

spin-spin reservoir in NMR, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.,

59, 404-413.

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ducting solenoid’s magnetic field inhomogeneity

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Norris, J.  R., Uphaus, R.  A., Crespi, H.  L., and Katz,

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phyll and the origin of signal I in photosynthesis,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 68, 625-628, https://

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Norris was given the International Zavoisky

Award for his contribution to determining mo-

lecular structures of paramagnetic particles of

photosynthetic reaction centers.

Rhim, W.-K., Pines, A., and Waugh, J.  S. (1971)

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Spin-echo in the internal fields, indicates a par-

tial reversibility of spin-spin relaxation.

1972

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light scattering investigation of a phonon system

under paramagnetic resonance saturation, Soviet

Physics JETP, 35, 337-343.

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and Shchteinshneider, A.  Ya. (1972) Indirect mea-

surement of the constants J

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213, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00744487.

Feher, G., Okamura, M.  Y., and McElroy, J.  D. (1972)

Identification of an electron acceptor in reaction

centers of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides by EPR

spectroscopy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerget-

ics, 267, 222-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-

2728(72)90155-7.

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for his contribution to the development of the sol-

id-state nuclear magnetic resonance and physics,

and to the investigation of photosynthesis.

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on He3 below 3 mK: a new liquid phase? Phys.

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PhysRevLett.29.1227.

Nobel Prize!

McFarlane, W., and Rycroft, D.  S. (1972) Nuclear mag-

netic double resonance studies of the effect of

deuterium substitution upon

P-H) in dimeth-

yl phosphite, Mol. Phys., 24, 893-895, https://

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experiments, Phys. Rev. B, 5, 2409-2419, https://

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Award for his contribution to the development

of electron spin-echo spectroscopy and its appli-

cations in physics, chemistry and biology.

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tin no.  13, issued in 1972. 

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C chemical shielding anisotropy in some

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organic solids, Chem. Phys. Lett., 15, 373-376,

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ence of magnetic field on radical reactions, JETP

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Sagdeev, Molin and Salikhov were all awarded

the Voevodsky Prize. Salikhov was given the In-

ternational Zavoisky Prize as well.

1973

Aukhudeev, F.  L., Valeev, I.  I., Konov, I.  S., Skrebnev,

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resonance and relaxation in thulium ethyl sulfate

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Shteinshneider, A.  Ya. (1973) The effects of

chemically induced polarisation in the cage re-

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mrc.1270051109. 

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In this paper, authors adopted the correct ap-

proach, but failed to carry through to comple-

tion the development of the theory of chemical-

ly induced nuclear polarization accommodating

radical transformations in between generation of

radical pairs and recombination of transformed

radicals.

Lagodzinskaya, G.  V., Zabrodin, V.  A., Korolev, A.  M.,

Manelis, G.  B., and Eremenko, L.  T. (1973) Sig-

nal resolution and analysis of ABKPQY-type PMR

spectra of a mixture of erythro-butanedion-3 and

threo-butanediol-3, 4-oxide-1, 2 dinitrate using a

200 MHz spectrometer [in Russian], Bull. Acad.

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local interactions: examples employing nuclear

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ment of NMR tomography.

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Nobel Prize!

Lippmaa, E., Saluvere, T., Pehk, T., and Olivson, A.

(1973) Chemical polarisation of

C and

N nuclei

in the thermal decomposition of diazoaminoben-

zene (1,3-diphenyltriazene), Org. Magn. Reson., 5,

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fects of magnetic field on chemical reactions, Org.

Magn. Reson., 5, 603-605, https://doi.org/10.1002/

mrc.1270051212.

Molin was given the Voevodsky Prize for his con-

tribution to the development of spin chemistry

and of methods to detect intermediate particles

using quantum coherence effects.

1974

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electron-nuclear double resonance at distant nu-

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(1973) The role of the dipole-dipole reservoir in

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Erofeev, L.  N., Shumm, B.  A., and Manelis, G.  B. (1978)

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Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material

available at https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297925604460.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to AMPERE Society for their kind per-

mission to reproduce the figure.

Funding

The study was conducted under the state assignment

of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This work does not contain any studies involving hu-

man and animal subjects.

Conflict of interest

The authors of this work declare that they have no

conflicts of interest.

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Translated by Alena V. Silina