REVIEW: Diversity of the Circulating Tumor Markers: Perspectives of a Multimodal Liquid Biopsy

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Ekaterina S. Kuligina^1,a*, Grigoriy A. Yanus^1,2, Evgeny N. Imyanitov^1,2

¹N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia

²St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: August 26, 2024; Revised: September 30, 2024; Accepted: October 1, 2024

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Over the past decade, liquid biopsy (LB) has become a routine diagnostic test essential for the treatment of malignant tumors of various localizations. Its capabilities include early diagnosis, molecular genotyping, prognosis, prediction, and monitoring of tumor response. Typically, liquid biopsy involves the extraction of a single type of tumor-derived molecules or cellular elements from blood and subsequent molecular analysis. These elements may include circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA), or contents of extracellular vesicles (exosomes). Despite the technical sophistication of molecular analysis methods for circulating biomarkers, this diagnostic approach has limited relevance. In a significant proportion of cancer patients (ranging from 10 to 50%, depending on the tumor type), none of these analytes can be detected and analyzed, even in the presence of large, progressing neoplastic foci in the body. It seems reasonable to suggest that heterogeneous fractions of the circulating tumor-specific biomarkers complement each other, thus simultaneous analysis of several fractions will not only increase sensitivity of the method but also more accurately characterize and predict the clinical situation. This review examines the possibilities and advantages of applying a combined multiparametric approach to liquid biopsy, which involves testing multiple circulating analytes in a single blood sample.

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KEY WORDS: liquid biopsy, ctDNA, exosomes, CTC, ctRNA, protein tumor markers, prognostic markers, predictive markers, cancer

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297924110129

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