Impairment of Assembly of the Vimentin Intermediate Filaments Leads to Suppression of Formation and Maturation of Focal Contacts and Alteration of the Type of Cellular Protrusions

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Anna O. Zholudeva¹, Nikolay S. Potapov², Ekaterina A. Kozlova², Maria E. Lomakina¹, and Antonina Y. Alexandrova^1,a*

¹Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia

²Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia

Received September 4, 2023; Revised December 1, 2023; Accepted December 3, 2023

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Cell migration is largely determined by the type of protrusions formed by the cell. Mesenchymal migration is accomplished by formation of lamellipodia and/or filopodia, while amoeboid migration is based on bleb formation. Changing of migrational conditions can lead to alteration in the character of cell movement. For example, inhibition of the Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization by the CK-666 inhibitor leads to transition from mesenchymal to amoeboid motility mode. Ability of the cells to switch from one type of motility to another is called migratory plasticity. Cellular mechanisms regulating migratory plasticity are poorly understood. One of the factors determining the possibility of migratory plasticity may be the presence and/or organization of vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs). To investigate whether organization of the VIF network affects the ability of fibroblasts to form membrane blebs, we used rat embryo fibroblasts REF52 with normal VIF organization, fibroblasts with vimentin knockout (REF^–/–), and fibroblasts with mutation inhibiting assembly of the full-length VIFs (REF117). Blebs formation was induced by treatment of cells with CK-666. Vimentin knockout did not lead to statistically significant increase in the number of cells with blebs. The fibroblasts with short fragments of vimentin demonstrate the significant increase in number of cells forming blebs both spontaneously and in the presence of CK-666. Disruption of the VIF organization did not lead to the significant changes in the microtubules network or the level of myosin light chain phosphorylation, but caused significant reduction in the focal contact system. The most pronounced and statistically significant decrease in both size and number of focal adhesions were observed in the REF117 cells. We believe that regulation of the membrane blebbing by VIFs is mediated by their effect on the focal adhesion system. Analysis of migration of fibroblasts with different organization of VIFs in a three-dimensional collagen gel showed that organization of VIFs determines the type of cell protrusions, which, in turn, determines the character of cell movement. A novel role of VIFs as a regulator of membrane blebbing, essential for manifestation of the migratory plasticity, is shown.

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KEY WORDS: vimentin intermediate filaments, filopodium, bleb, focal contacts, actin cortex

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297924010127

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