REVIEW: Hereditary Conditions Associated with Elevated Cancer Risk in Childhood

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Evgeny N. Suspitsin^1,2,a* and Evgeny N. Imyanitov^1,2

¹N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia

²St.-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received January, 31, 2023; Revised March, 16, 2023; Accepted March, 18, 2023

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Widespread use of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies revealed that a significant percentage of tumors in children develop as a part of monogenic hereditary diseases. Predisposition to the development of pediatric neoplasms is characteristic of a wide range of conditions including hereditary tumor syndromes, primary immunodeficiencies, RASopathies, and phakomatoses. The mechanisms of tumor molecular pathogenesis are diverse and include disturbances in signaling cascades, defects in DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA processing. Timely diagnosis of tumor-associated syndromes is important for the proper choice of cancer treatment, genetic counseling of families, and development of the surveillance programs. The review describes the spectrum of neoplasms characteristic of the most common syndromes and molecular pathogenesis of these diseases.

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KEY WORDS: childhood tumors, mutation, RASopathy, phakomatosis, primary immunodeficiency

DOI: 10.1134/S0006297923070039

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